Topical suspensions

Flamycin 2-5 lac U (suspension topically as vaginal tablet and ointment)... 

Liquid medicines generally include oral liquids, suspensions, emulsions, inhalations, nasal solutions and suspensions, topical semisolids and topical liquids, ophthalmics, and parenterals. There are numerous excipients used for liquid... 

Low topical solutions and topical powders oral tablets and oral suspensions topical oral powders (hard and soft and lingual aerosols gelatin), capsules, oral solutions, and suspensions... 

Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Guide (oral suspensions, topical preparations). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients. 

Oral suspension, topical lotion Oral suspension, topical cream Candy lozenge... 

Brief mention should be made of the important topic of aerosols, more or less stable suspensions of liquid or solid particles in a gas. The manufacture... 

Medicine and Nutrition. A stabilized buffered suspension of selenium sulfide has been marketed for many years as Selsun Blue (Abbott Laboratories) for control of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp. A similar sulfur or selenium sulfide shampoo containing a metallic cation complex has been prepared (122). Topical appHcation of selenium sulfide controls dermatitis, pmritis, and mange iu dogs (see Cosmetics Veterinarydrugs). 

Lest I leave the erroneous impression here that colloid science, in spite of the impossibility of defining it, is not a vigorous branch of research, I shall conclude by explaining that in the last few years, an entire subspeciality has sprung up around the topic of colloidal (pseudo-) crystals. These are regular arrays that are formed when a suspension (sol) of polymeric (e.g., latex) spheres around half a micrometre in diameter is allowed to settle out under gravity. The suspension can include spheres of one size only, or there may be two populations of different sizes, and the radius ratio as well as the quantity proportions of the two sizes are both controllable variables. Crystals such as AB2, AB4 and AB13 can form (Bartlett et al. 1992, Bartlett and van... 

U.S. Department of Energy, Clean Coal Technology Topical Reports. (1995). SOn Removal Using Gas Suspension Absorption Technology. Report No. 4 (April). Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office. 

Leyden JJ, Grove G, Zerweck C (2004) A doubleblind, comparative facial tolerance study of a new 10% sodium sulfacetamide 5% sulfur aqueous gel (in a 10% urea vehicle) vs a 10% sodium sulfacetamide 5% sulfur topical suspension in rosacea acne subjects with sensitive skin. In Abstract of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology. Washington DC, February 6-11,2004. Abstract P66... 

The purpose of this section is to describe recent achievements in time-resolved X-ray diffraction from liquids. Keeping the scope of the present chapter in mind, neither X-ray diffraction from solids nor X-ray absorption will be discussed. The majority of experiments realized up to now were performed using optical excitation, although some recent attempts using infrared excitation were also reported. The main topics that have been studied are (1) visualization of atomic motions during a chemical reaction, (2) structure of reaction intermediates in a complex reaction sequence, (3) heat propagation in impulsively heated liquids, and (4) chemical hydrodynamics of nanoparticle suspensions. We hope that the actual state-of-the-art will be illustrated in this way. 

The topic of gold nanospheres attracted the interest of several famous nineteenth century scientists such as Michael Faraday, Richard Zsigmondy, and Gustov Mie [43]. Interest diminished in the mid-twentieth century although some excellent contributions were made by Turkevich [42, 44], Frens [45], and Brust [46] in that period regarding the controlled preparation of nearly monodisperse colloidal suspensions. 

How to administer topical antifungal agents, including cleaning the oral cavity prior to administration, administering after meals, how to dissolve troches, and how to swish suspensions... 

Mucocutaneous candidiasis is generally not life-threatening nor invasive and can be treated with topical azoles (clotrimazole troches), oral azoles (fluconazole, ketoconazole, or itraconazole), or oral polyenes (such as nystatin or oral amphotericin B). Orally administered and absorbed azoles (ketoconazole, fluconazole, or itraconazole solution), amphotericin B suspension, intravenous caspofungin, or intravenous amphotericin B are recommended for refractory or recurrent infections.20... 

The stability of suspensions, emulsions, creams, and ointments is dealt with in other chapters. The unique characteristics of solid-state decomposition processes have been described in reviews by D. C. Monkhouse [79,80] and in the monograph on drug stability by J. T. Carstensen [81]. Baitalow et al. have applied an unconventional approach to the kinetic analysis of solid-state reactions [82], The recently published monograph on solid-state chemistry of drugs also treats this topic in great detail [83],... 

Of all these formulations, it is the diverse semisolids that stand out as being uniquely topical. Semisolid systems fulfill a special topical need as they cling to the surface of the skin to which they are applied, generally until being washed off or worn off. In contrast, fluid systems have poor substantivity and readily streak and run off the desired area. Similarly, powders have poor staying properties. Importantly, the fundamental physicochemical characteristics of solutions, liquid emulsions and suspensions, and powders are independent of their route of application, and are discussed adequately elsewhere in this text and need not be reconsidered. This is not to say the compositions of such systems cannot be uniquely topical, for there are chemicals that can be safely applied to the... 

The types of microorganisms found in various products are Pseudomonas species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella, species, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The USP and other pharmacopoeias recommend certain classes of products to be tested for specified microbial contaminants, e.g., natural plant, animal, and some mineral products for the absence of Salmonella species, suspensions for the absence of E. coli, and topically administered products for the absence of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Emulsions are especially susceptible to contamination by fungi and yeasts. Consumer use may also result in the introduction of microorganisms. For aqueous-based products, it is therefore mandatory to include a preservative in the formulation in order to provide further assurance that the product retains its pharmaceutically acceptable characteristics until it is used by the patient. 

Topical suspensions are intended to be applied externally. Shake lotion and calamine lotion are good... 

Suspension. If the drug is not sufficiently soluble, it can be formulated as a suspension. A suspension may also be desired to improve stability, bioavailability, or efficacy. The major topical ophthalmic suspensions are the steroid anti-inflammatory agents prednisolone acetate, dexamethasone, fluorometholone, and rimex-olone. Water-soluble salts of prednisolone phosphate and dexamethasone phosphate are available however, they have a lower steroid potency and are poorly absorbed. 

Oils have been used as vehicles for several topical eyedrop products that are extremely sensitive to moisture. Tetracycline HC1 is an antibiotic that is stable for only a few days in aqueous solution. It is supplied as a 1% sterile suspension with Plastibase 50W and light liquid petrolatum. White petrolatum and its combination with liquid petrolatum to obtain a proper consistency is routinely used as the vehicle for ophthalmic ointments. 

Before discussing the three categories of delivery device, the nature of the emitted aerosol will be considered. Droplet formation may be characterized in terms of the nature of the propulsive force and the liquid being dispersed, and this topic is dealt with for specific situations in the following sections. However, dry particles, which are delivered from suspension in pMDIs or from DPIs alone or from a blend, must be prepared in respirable sizes. The production of respirable aerosol particles has traditionally been achieved by micronization of the drug [25]. This... 

In this section three miscellaneous topics in the area of agglomeration shall be discussed, namely, dry pelletization, spherical agglomeration in liquid suspension, and spontaneous or inadvertent agglomeration of fine particles. 

Graham coined the term "colloid" to describe suspensions of small particles in a liquid.(J ) Such particles are generally considered to be from 1 to 5000 nm in diameter and are not easily precipitated, filtered, or observed by ordinary optical microscopes. The topic of this paper is metallic colloidal particles, often called metal sols, with special emphasis on non-aqueous media. Some history of gold sols is appropriate. 

The photodynamic effect was discovered in 1900 by Raab, who showed that paramecia were not much affected by being placed in dilute solutions of acridine in the dark, but were killed when such suspensions were exposed to light.16 There was initially a considerable effort to develop these findings, but after a few years the topic seems somehow to have lost its attractiveness, and clinical reports became infrequent. 

Many different types of photobioreactors for suspension cultures are described in literature. The photobioreactor construction should solve the main problem an application of uniform light intensity to the culture. The detail description of photobioreactors is not a topic of present mini-review. For reference last reviews of photobioreactors are available [Tsygankov, 2001 Akkerman et al., 2002],... 

The selective oxidation and, more generally, the activation of the C-H bond in alkanes is a topic of continuous interest. Most methods are based on the use of strong electrophiles, but photocatalytic methods offer an interesting alternative in view of the mild conditions, which may increase selectivity. These include electron or hydrogen transfer to excited organic sensitizers, such as aryl nitriles or ketones, to metal complexes or POMs. The use of a solid photocatalyst, such as the suspension of a metal oxide, is an attractive possibility in view of the simplified work up. Oxidation of the... 

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