Some history

Although there was early work on energy deposition using classical theory and free particle targets by Darwin [8] and Thomson [9] in 1912, the first formulation of the energy deposition problem based on the realization that the binding of electrons in a target atom is important was due to Niels Bohr in 1913 [10] and 1915 [11], when he realized the importance of 

In 1933, Bloch revisited the problem [15], and found that, in the dipole approximation, the odd powers in the Born series vanish, but that there is a non-negligible third term in the Born series, giving S(v) oc Zp This term is now referred to as the Bloch correction and corresponds to in the Bom series (equation (2)), 

In 1963, Barkas noticed the difference in stopping powers when measured with positively and negatively charges projectiles [16], which implied an odd power Lj contribution to the Born series, and the Zj contribution to the stopping cross-section is now referred to as the Barkas correction. 

Higher order terms in the Born series, relevant to relativistic interactions, are seldom, but occasionally (cf. e.g., Refs. [2,17]) discussed. 

Details of the forgoing can be found in the classic work by Livingston and Bethe [18], which contains a comprehensive review of experimental data, as well as in the extensive review papers by Fano [3], Fano and Cooper [19], Inokuti [20], Bichsel [4], and by Alilen [12]. 

The use of multivariate statistics to decipher multivariate data dates back to the 1930s,5 and most early applications of these tools were in the fields of psychology, sociology, and economics - fields where large amounts of highly unspecific data are the rule, rather than the exception. 

Unfortunately, it is this writer s opinion that, considering the voluminous publications on chemometrics applications, the number of actual effective process analytical chemometrics applications in the field is much less than expected. Part of this is due to the overselling of chemometrics during its boom period, when personal computers (PCs) made these tools available to anyone who could purchase the software, even those who did not understand the methods. This resulted in misuse, failed applications, and a bad taste with many project managers (who tend to have long memories...). Part of the problem might also be due to the lack of adequate software tools to develop and safely implement chemometric models in a process analytical environment. Finally, some of the shortfall might simply be due to lack of qualified resources to develop and maintain chemometrics-based analytical methods in the field. 

At the same time, there are many effective chemometrics applications in PAC across a wide range of industries, although relatively few of them are published.3,4,17,18 Nonetheless, they provide the driving force for analytical scientists and engineers to push for new applications in industry. 

Unfortunately, accessibility does not necessarily lead to effective deployment in practical applications. Despite the voluminous publications on chemometrics applications, there was a noticeable time lag between these and the mass deployment of effective process analytical chemometrics applications in the field. 1 propose that this time lag was caused by several factors  

The overselling and lack of user understanding of chemometrics methods during the boom period, which ultimately led to misuse of the methods and failed applications. 

The lack of adequate software tools to develop and safely implement chemometric models in a process analytical environment, and 

The lack of qualified resources to develop and maintain chemometrics-based analytical methods in the field. 

About 50 years ago Alexander F. Wells, then at ICI in England, published the first paper in what was to become a remarkable series of articles laying the foundations of the concept of nets in solid-state chemistry. The paper was entitled The geometrical basis of crystal chemistry I , [9] and during the next 20 years he continued this work, by shrewd insight, intuition and keen modelbuilding. The series culminated in the book Three dimensional nets and polyhedra published in 1977 and a shorter sequel in 1979 [10,11]. A short version was also included in later editions of his classic textbook Structural Inorganic Chemistry [12]. 

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Scopolamine (42), an optically active, viscous Hquid, also isolated from Solanaceae, eg. Datura metell. decomposes on standing and is thus usually both used and stored as its hydrobromide salt. The salt is employed as a sedative or, less commonly, as a prophylactic for motion sickness. It also has some history of use ia conjunction with narcotics as it appears to enhance their analgesic effects. BiogeneticaHy, scopolamine is clearly an oxidation product of atropiae, or, more precisely, because it is optically active, of (—)-hyoscyamiae. 

Description A summary of the content of the resource, some history of its development and the developers, and further information on the other fields in the presentation format. 

Graham coined the term "colloid" to describe suspensions of small particles in a liquid.(J ) Such particles are generally considered to be from 1 to 5000 nm in diameter and are not easily precipitated, filtered, or observed by ordinary optical microscopes. The topic of this paper is metallic colloidal particles, often called metal sols, with special emphasis on non-aqueous media. Some history of gold sols is appropriate. 

Deficiency of P is often the main nutrient limitation in natural wetlands, though it is rarely important in wetland rice soils that have at least some history of P... 

Fnun Towder Samses to Single Crystafei — Some History.58... 

From Powder Samples to Single Crystals — Some History... 

V. Pan, Solving the polynomial equation some history and recent progress, SIAM Review, 39 (1997), 187-220... 

For some history of the search for open-shell molecules, see Berson JA. In Patai S, Rappoport Z, editors. The quinonoid compounds. New York, NY Wiley 1988. Vol. 2, pp. 455-536. 

This last point leads me to think about why chemists are suspicious of history of chemistry (until such time as they try to do some history). 

A number of writers have affempfed to make systems theory more scientific by infroducing posfulafes determining who or what can be included as an influencer or a respondent (see Schoderbek et al., 1985, pp. 34 4), but that is not the focus of fhis chapter. Rather, the chapter focuses on how systems theory can be used by managers or potential managers to help them perform their jobs better. To start, some history is reviewed. 

A meaningful motivation must be given for the amendment. It is also necessary for the appliccint to supply some history of applicable amendments to the registration dossier. More than 5,550 such changes were processed in 1997. The... 

Purchas, A.W. (1965) Some History of Wells-next-the-Sea and District. East Anglian Magazine Ltd, Ipswich, 140 pp. 

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