Survey results, physical chemistry

Arguments for the presentation of kinetic theory and chemical kinetics as the first topics taught in the initial physical chemistry course are presented. This presentation allows the first topic in physical chemistry to be mathematically more accessible, to be highly relevant to modem physical chemistry practice, and to provide an opportunity to make valuable conceptual connections to topics in quantum mechanics and thermodynamics. Preliminary results from a recent survey of physical chemistry teaching practice are presented and related to the primary discussion. It was found that few departments of chemistry have adopted this order of topical presentation. 

The scope of tire following article is to survey the physical and chemical properties of tire tliird modification of carbon, namely [60]fullerene and its higher analogues. The entluisiasm tliat was triggered by tliese spherical carbon allotropes resulted in an epidemic-like number of publications in tire early to mid-1990s. In more recent years tire field of fullerene chemistry is, however, dominated by tire organic functionalization of tire highly reactive fullerene... 

Results of the Physical Chemistry Survey Below are excerpts of the survey data collected from physical chemistry faculty at ACS certified institutions. 

Principles of Thermodynamics should be accessible to scientifically literate persons who are either learning the subject on their own or reviewing the material. At Emory University, this volume forms the basis of the first semester of a one-year sequence in physical chemistry. Problems and questions are included at the end of each chapter. Essentially, the questions test whether the students understand the material, and the problems test whether they can use the derived results. More difficult problems are indicated by an asterisk. Some problems, marked with an M, involve numerical calculations that are most easily performed with the use of a computer program such as Mathcad or Mathematica. A brief survey of some of these numerical methods is included in Appendix B, for cases in which the programs are unavailable or cumbersome to use. 

In this section, we shall discuss the results presented in the preceding sections as a whole and supply the relation of the development presented in this article to previous investigations. No attempt will be made, however, to give an exhaustive survey of the literature on complex reaction systems. Such a survey may be obtained from standard works on chemical kinetics [Benson (6), Frost and Pearson (5), Laidler (SI)] and from review literature such as the Annual Report on the Progress in Chemistry and the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry. 

This article deals with a field of research on the borderline between physical chemistry and laser physics. As it is intended to combine aspects of both areas, molecular amplifiers based on partial or total vibrational inversion are first characterized in general, after which the generation, storage, distribution, and transfer of vibrational energy in chemical processes is reviewed. There is a brief discussion of the experimental requirements for laser oscillation and associated hardware problems. Experimental results for specific chemical laser systems are then surveyed and the prospects for high-power chemical laser operation considered. The concluding sections are devoted to the contribution of chemical lasers to reaction kinetics and their other uses in chemistry. 

This book is aimed at research students in physics, chemistry, and material science who are engaging in the field of research that involves the application of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the study of liquid crystals. It does not aim to compile the latest results or present a complete survey of all the works done in this field thus far, but seeks to provide sufficient mathematical detail in both NMR and liquid crystals so that the reader can follow the literature. Since the first publications on high-resolution NMR in liquid crystalline materials in the early 1960s, this field has gathered a vast amount of literature. Thus, only representative studies are presented in order to give a unified and critical account of NMR of liquid crystals. 

From this brief exposure to the pervasive character of metal-vapor cryochemistry and matrix-isolation spectroscopy, it is clear that a field of multidisciplinary concern is surveyed. However, in this review, we shall focus on those accomplishments of greatest interest to the inorganic community in general, while pointing out, where applicable, the relevance of the results to other branches of chemistry and physics. 

Abstract. The synthesis and study of dendrimers has been truly dramatic in the last ten years. This review gives a brief introduction to some of the key concepts and main synthetic strategies in dendrimer chemistry. The focus of the chapter is a survey of modern analytical techniques and physical characterization of dendrimers. Results of model calculations and experiments probing the dimensions and conformation of dendrimers are reviewed. In the final sections the experimental work on dendrimer-polymer hybrids is highlighted. The dense spherical conformation of dendrimers has been combined with the loose random-coil conformation of ordinary polymers to form new hybrids with potentially interesting new properties. 

An extensive epidemiological survey was conducted of housewives who lived in an area of Tokyo, Japan, in which contamination from chromium slag at a construction site was discovered in 1973. The housewives included in the study were those who lived in the area from 1978 to 1988, and controls included housewives who lived in uncontaminated areas. Questionnaires, physical examinations, and clinical tests were conducted annually. Results of clinical chemistry tests for liver function revealed no significant differences between the exposed and the control populations (Greater Tokyo Bureau of Hygiene 1989). 

In this chapter we will survey the chemistry of 1,1-enediamines. Their structural and physical properties will be first reviewed in Section II. We will see that their reactivity is critically dependent on their structures. Simple and conjugated or acyclic and cyclic 1,1-enediamines may lead to substantially different results and the correlation between structure and reactivity will be discussed. Spectroscopic characteristics will also be displayed in this section. Preparative methods of 1,1-enediamines will be summarized in Section III, which is arranged in order of importance of the methods and their scope of applicability. The reactions of 1,1-enediamines are presented in Sections IV-VI. Emphasis will be placed on the synthetic applications of these versatile synthons in the construction of heterocyclic compounds. 

Surveyed in this section are known SOg insertion and desulfination reactions. Kinetic and stereochemical results already discussed in Sections III-V, as well as the cycloaddition processes treated in Section V, have been given a cursory mention for the sake of completeness. The insertion reactions involving bonds other than M—C are omitted. Also excluded are all aspects of the chemistry of metal sulhnate complexes except sulfur dioxide insertion and desulfination. Readers interested in alternative methods of synthesis and in the physical and chemical properties of these and related compounds are referred to a recent review 128). 

This opportunity to work under his guidance enabled me to appreciate his excellence in the laboratory. As can be seen by looking at the first edition of his book The Physics and Chemistry of Surfaces , his initial endeavour as a surface chemist was to survey the range of phenomena exhibited by monolayers, using the surface balance which George Jessop and he invented. These results he then endeavoured to explain in terms of the molecular structures of the substances concerned. One of the tools he found useful was the evidence on the shapes and sizes of organic molecules made available by Lawrence Bragg s X-ray diffraction data. This was reflected in a chapter on X-ray diffraction studies which was included in the first edition. By the time the second edition was prepared... 

It can be concluded, from this brief survey of the present volume, that broad chemical physics coverage of 10 novel material or chemical systems is reported within its pages. The chemical plysics methods used to characterize these 10 novel systems arc clearly state-of-the-art, and the results should be intriguing to the prospective reader-ship in chemistry and pl sics and nanoscience, including those scientists engaged in chemical physics research and the polymer chemistry and physics communities, as well as those researchers involved in biological chemistry research and also those scientists focused on nanotechnology. 

Survey of Results from Application of Physical Organic Chemistry... 

Sensitivity of high energy materials (EMs) is primarily due to the chemical character of the materials this means it is possible to use the term initiation reactivity of EMs in this case. However, the means of transfer of the initiation impulse to the reaction centre of the EM molecule or the molecule of the most reactive component of the explosive mixture is also of great importance. Therefore, according to Dlott a complex solution to the problem of initiation must involve the areas of continuum mechanics, chemistry and quantum mechanics (quantum chemistry) (1). The main interest has been focused on studies of shock and impact sensitivities of EMs. In the last 16 years the preferred tools for the solution of these sensitivities have involved quantum chemistry [1-5]. The appUcation of chemistry to these problems is relatively reluctant and mostly without any broader contexts. Nevertheless, the approach of physical organic chemistry has been apphed not only to studies of impact and shock reactivity [6,7], but also sensitivity to electric spark [6,8], and in part to thermal reactivity of EMs [7] as well. This survey presents development trends of studies of initiation reactivity of EMs over the last nine years with emphasis on the contribution of physical organic chemistry to these studies. Research results presented at conferences and seminars are quoted here only as the exception. 

In this survey the stannides containing rare earths are discussed in the following sequence the systems investigated, the composition and crystallographic data of the compounds, and results of the research on the magnetic and transport properties. An attempt is made to find some regularities in the crystal chemistry and physical properties of the ternary stannides. 

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