Hardware problems

Hardware problems as the instruments have rather poor processors and custom architecture, it is difficult to test new configurations and, once the new configuration is selected, it is often necessary to strongly modify the hardware in order to adapt the existing instruments. 

Although computer equipment is used differently to other field equipment, raw data are being generated consequently, maintenance records are required. All maintenance and repairs to the computer system need to be recorded. For example, software and hardware maintenance records would include system/program updates, disk scans, and defragmentation (e.g., preventative maintenance). Repair records might include communication with the software developer about problems/bugs and steps taken to fix any software or hardware problems. Documentation must include whether the... 

Convergence failures are not always a function of SPICE and therefore cannot always be fixed using. OPTIONS statements or other convergence techniques. Convergence failures may result from hardware problems. 

Change requests can result from both planned and unplanned events. Planned events can be scheduled, and can be the result of a planned expansion in business requirements. Emergency or unplanned events can result from software or hardware problems that prevent the application from performing its defined tasks. 

Sample introduction is a major hardware problem for SFC. The sample solvent composition and the injection pressure and temperature can all affect sample introduction. The high solute diffusion and lower viscosity which favor supercritical fluids over liquid mobile phases can cause problems in injection. Back-diffusion can occur, causing broad solvent peaks and poor solute peak shape. There can also be a complex phase behavior as well as a solubility phenomenon taking place due to the fact that one may have combinations of supercritical fluid (neat or mixed with sample solvent), a subcritical liquified gas, sample solvents, and solute present simultaneously in the injector and column head [2]. All of these can contribute individually to reproducibility problems in SFC. Both dynamic and timed split modes are used for sample introduction in capillary SFC. Dynamic split injectors have a microvalve and splitter assembly. The amount of injection is based on the size of a fused silica restrictor. In the timed split mode, the SFC column is directly connected to the injection valve. Highspeed pneumatics and electronics are used along with a standard injection valve and actuator. Rapid actuation of the valve from the load to the inject position and back occurs in milliseconds. In this mode, one can program the time of injection on a computer and thus control the amount of injection. In packed-column SFC, an injector similar to HPLC is used and whole loop is injected on the column. The valve is switched either manually or automatically through a remote injector port. The injection is done under pressure. 

The first item we re going to discuss isn t really a hardware problem, but a hardware troubleshooting aid. Every computer has a diagnostic program built into its BIOS called the power on self-test (POST). When you turn on the computer, it executes this set of diagnostics. These tests go by pretty quickly, so we ll detail them here. 

Hardware problems are pretty easy to figure out. If the modem doesn t work, and you know it isn t a software problem, it s pretty safe to say that the modem is probably the piece of hardware that needs to be replaced. 

The next section concentrated on hardware troubleshooting techniques. We discussed the POST routine (what it is and how it warns you of problems), motherboard problems, hard disk issues, keyboard and mouse problems, display system troubleshooting, BIOS issues, power supply problems, and a few other miscellaneous hardware problems. 

Cannot log on to network (option—NIC not functioning) If your computer is hooked up to a network (and more and more computers today are), you need to know when your computer is not functioning on the network properly and what to do about it. In most cases, the problem can be attributed to either a malfunctioning Network Interface Card (NIC) or improperly installed network software. The biggest indicator in Windows that some component of the network software is nonfunctional is that you can t log on to the network or access any network service. To fix this problem, you must first fix the underlying hardware problem (if one exists), then properly install or configure the network software. 

This utility is useful when trying to track down a hardware problem you suspect may be due to an outdated driver. You can examine the file this utility produces for the versions of all drivers and compare them to the newest possible drivers on the hardware vendors Web sites. 

Which utility would you use to troubleshoot hardware problems on a Windows 98 computer. ... 

Check watchdog timer alarm—often indicates hardware problem Operator turned controller off ... 

This article deals with a field of research on the borderline between physical chemistry and laser physics. As it is intended to combine aspects of both areas, molecular amplifiers based on partial or total vibrational inversion are first characterized in general, after which the generation, storage, distribution, and transfer of vibrational energy in chemical processes is reviewed. There is a brief discussion of the experimental requirements for laser oscillation and associated hardware problems. Experimental results for specific chemical laser systems are then surveyed and the prospects for high-power chemical laser operation considered. The concluding sections are devoted to the contribution of chemical lasers to reaction kinetics and their other uses in chemistry. 

Cables that coimect computers to spectrophotometers and printers that do not work. These are general hardware problems that must be conquered. 

However, the process was a success only after overcoming major operational and hardware problems. A method had to be designed to allow removal of catalyst fines that were formed during catalyst transport. Means of adding catalyst and feed uniformly to the reactor required solutions to hardware... 

A database restore should be done at least once a month to a designated machine (not the server).This exercises the restore process and identifies procedural and hardware problems... 

Ebay s PayPal online payments system also failed a few times in August 2009 outages lasted from one to more than four hours, leaving millions of customers unable to complete transactions. A network hardware problem was reported to be the culprit. PayPal lost millions of dollars, and merchants lost unknown amounts. Thomas Wailgum of CIO.com reported in January 2009, that Salesforce.com had suffered a service disruption for about an hour on January 6 when a core network device failed because of memory allocation errors. 

Equipment failure. Hardware problems occur most fi equently in rotating equipment - pumps and compressors. Fortunately, many problems can be detected in advance, allowing operators to schedule a brief shut-down for preventive maintenance. 

Other typical hardware problems include, loose terminal nuts—indicated by bums or arcing on intercell links terminal seal failure—various heavy deposits around cell terminal, remove all hardware and the O-ring vent failure—various heavy deposits on or around the vent valve, the valve may have been installed improperly or the vent sleeve or O-ring has... 

In FMEA process, inaccurate and indefinite statement of failure cause frequently occurs. For example, failure cause corresponding to failure mode dynamo conflict is described as reducer failure , however, reducer failure does not explain what the actual reason of dynamo conflict is. The reason should illustrate how the reducer fails, such as a reducer control software problem, a reducer hardware problem or an environment problem. Such relevant preventive measures can suit the remedy to the case. If it is an operating environment problem, improving environment or environment adaptability should be adopted if it is a control software problem, work related to enhancing software reliability should be done. FMEA work is an activity that goes into the whys and wherefores, if the failure cause cannot be properly distinguished, we could not put forward appropriate technology improvement measures, so effectiveness of FMEA is doubtful. Eor this reason, the failure cause should be analyzed carefully instead of superficial and simple failure appearance. 

Failures of each unit can be classified under two categories failures due to hardware problems and failures due to human errors. 

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