Distillation flash

Liquid fuels for ground-based gas turbines are best defined today by ASTM Specification D2880. Table 4 Hsts the detailed requirements for five grades which cover the volatility range from naphtha to residual fuel. The grades differ primarily in basic properties related to volatility eg, distillation, flash point, and density of No. 1 GT and No. 2 GT fuels correspond to similar properties of kerosene and diesel fuel respectively. These properties are not limited for No. 0 GT fuel, which allows naphthas and wide-cut distillates. For heavier fuels. No. 3 GT and No. 4 GT, the properties that must be limited are viscosity and trace metals. 

In the Raschig process (prior to 1924), NaOH, chlorine and ammonia react in aq soln to form dil soln of hydrazine, with Na chloride as a by-product also by oxidation of urea by Na hypochlorite. For its purification can be used fractional distillation, flash distillation or conversion to the slightly sol sulfate, followed by treatment of the latter with coned NaOH soln. 

Disodium Arsenate Heptahydrate Disodium Ethylenebis (Dithiocarbamate) Disodium Methanearsonate Disodium Methyl Arsonate Disodium Nitrilotriacetate Distillate Flashed Feed Stocks Distillate Straight Run Disulfatozirconic Acid Dithane Sodium Arsenate Nabarn Methanearsonic Acid, Sodium Salts Medianearsonic Acid, Sodium Salts Nitrilotriacetic Acid and Salts Distillate Flashed Feed Stocks Distillate Straight Run Zirconium Sulfate Nabam... 

Distillates Flashed Feed Stocks — Fire Hazards Flash Point (deg. F) (a) <0 CC (b) 0 - 73... 

The ASTM distillation flash char test provides a good indication of both esters and heavy polymers in the reactor effluent. The addition of water dispersible filming amine corrosion inhibitors into the fractionator overhead vapor lines and the addition of mono- and triethanol amines into the feed line of the fractionators has aided in many cases. 

In contrast to the description of distillation given earlier, which dealt with multistage distillation, flash distillation (Fig. 15) is carried out in a single stage. Liquid flows continuously through a heater, across a valve, and into a flash vessel. By heating the liquid and reducing its pressure across the valve, partial vaporization occurs in the flash... 

Sodium (8.5 g, 0.37 mol) was added to dry liquid ammonia (250 mL) contained in a three-neck flask fitted with a dry-ice condenser. The mixture was stirred for 20 min and a solution of 7-chloro-l-iso-propoxybicyclo[4.1.0]heptane (10.5 g, 61 mmol) in EtjO (20 mL) was added dropwise over 35 min. The solution was stirred for 5 h and then treated with sufficient NH4CI to discharge its blue color. Ammonia was allowed to evaporate, and the residue was dissolved in a HjO/Et O mixture. The Et O extract was processed in the usual manner and fractionally distilled. Flash distillation of the residue in vacuo gave 2.8 g (33%) of the product. 

Specifications for gas turbine fuels prescribe test limits that must be met by the refiner who manufactures fuel however, it is customary for fuel users to define quality control limits for fuel at the point of delivery or of custody transfer. These limits must be met by third parties who distribute and handle fuels on or near the airport. Tests on receipt at airport depots include appearance, distillation, flash point (or vapor pressure), density, freezing point, smoke point, corrosion, existing gum, water reaction, and water separation. Tests on delivery to the aircraft indude appearance, particulates, membrane color, free water, and electrical conductivity. 

Distillates Flashed Feed Stocks Liquid 14-135 Not pertinent 0.71-0.75... 

Distillates Flashed Feed Stocks Petroleum Distillate ... 

Distillates Flashed Feed Stocks No single TLV available 500 0.5-5 0.25... 

Distillates Flashed Feed Stocks (a) <0 (b) 0-73 (c) 73-141 Data not available Data not available Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical Water may be ineffective Not pertinent Data not available No ... 

Pressure distillation Simple and fractional distillation Flash distillation Thin-fUm distillation Thin-film distillation Molecular distillation... 

Distillation processes may be operated continuously or batchwise. The operating pressure may be low (10 Pa-100 Pa), medium (10 Pa-0.1 Pa) or even high vacuum (0.1 Pa-10 Pa) (molecular distillation) to avoid thermal damage to the mixture, or to increase efficiency. Special types of distillation are equilibrium or flash distillation (flash evaporation) and carrier distillation processes. 

Discontinuously and Continuously Operated Simple Distillation, Flash Distillation... 

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