Amines surfactant

When ethoxylated nonylphenol and polyethylene glycol is treated with a mixture of H2S04 and H3P04 and neutralized with an alkali metal hydroxide or amine, surfactants containing sulfate esters and phosphate esters are obtained which cause little corrosion of metals such as surfaces of laundering equipments and automobiles [55]. 

Fig. 2.12.1. Chemical structure of different classes of cationic surfactants (a) quaternary ammonium surfactants (quats) (b) dialkylcarboxyethyl hydroxyethyl methyl ammonium surfactants (esterquats) (c) alkyl polyglycol amine surfactants (d) quaternary perfluoro-alkyl ammonium surfactants (e) N, N, N1, JV -tetramethyl-iV, iV -didodecyle-l,3-propane-diyle-diammonium dibromide (cationic gemini surfactant). R = alkyl or benzyl group.

Fig. 2.12.14. (a-c) Selected mass traces and (D) TIC of ESI-LC-MS(+) analysis of polyglycol amine surfactant mixture R-N H((CH2-CH2-0),c yH)2X. Isocratic separation conditions applying a PLRP column using the ion-pairing reagent methane sulfonic... 

A variation of this method was used to control the surface properties of aluminum oxide particles, particularly the surface density of Lewis acid sites. Instead of using a long-chain amine surfactant, the solution of aluminum alkoxide precursor was mixed with a small amine to convert the alkoxide dimer (or oligomer in general) into monomeric alkoxide-amine adduct. Controlled hydrolysis of this adduct produces an aluminum oxyhydroxide in which the surface A1 ions are coordinated to amine... 

As DDAB contains a quaternary N in the head group, the cationic charge is independent of pH. The stoichiometry in Eq. (3) for the [MCI, ]2- (/i = 4, M = Pt, Pd n = 6, M = Pt) complex ions has been established by XPS and optical absorbance measurements. The (PtClb)2 anion has also been incorporated into LB films using a tertiary amine surfactant (38). In this case the charge of the head group, and therefore the complexation to the anion, is pH dependent. 

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Amine Surfactant in Hexagonal Mesoporous Silica (HMS)... 

Supercritical carbon dioxide modified with 10 vol% methanol has been employed for the removal of the amine surfactant in hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS). The effects of temperature and pressure on the extraction efficiency have been extensively studied. It has been found that within an hour, as high as 96% of the amine surfactant can be extracted at a relatively mild condition of 85°C and 100 bar. At constant pressure, high extraction efficiencies are obtained at 50 and 85°C while at constant temperature, high efficiencies occur at 100 bar and 250 bar. This work establishes the feasibility of using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for the removal of the amine surfactant. In fact, it has been discovered that SFE produces EIMS of more enhanced mesoporosity as compared to that of calcination. 

In 1995, Tanev and Pinnavaia [1] have reported the synthesis of a new type of mesoporous molecular sieve designated as the hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS). Instead of using the ionic inorganic precursor and surfactant as in the case of MCM-41 [2], HMS is manufactured by hydrolysis reaction between a neutral inorganic precursor, tetraethyl-orthosilicate (TEOS) and a neutral primary amine surfactant (8-18 carbons). HMS possesses numerous favourable characteristics, but, like MCM-41, its synthesis process can only be concluded by the removal of the surfactant. This was reportedly done either by calcination at 630°C or by warm ethanol extraction [1]. 

As such, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been proposed for the removal of the amine surfactant. In this work, 1.8 ml/min of CO2 modified with 0.2 ml/min of methanol has been employed for the extraction purpose. Through SFE, recycling of surfactant can be accomplished while generating minimal liquid solvent (methanol) for disposal. Supercritical CO2, which forms the solvent bulk, can be easily separated from the extract (and methanol) via depressurisation and the resultant gas can then either be recycled or be released into the atmosphere. 

The SFE process was carried out in a JASCO system. For each run, which lasted for an hour, 0.5g of the as-synthesised HMS was being loaded into the extraction cell housed in an oven. The system uses a HPLC and a syringe pump for pumping liquid CO2 and the modifier (methanol) respectively so as to build up the system pressure. The desired system pressure was set and controlled by a back pressure regulator while the system temperature was set and controlled by the temperature controller attached to the oven. The extracted amine surfactant is collected in a vial placed at the outlet of the back pressure regulator. 

Extraction of the amine surfactant using pure CO2 at 65°C and 150 bar has been attempted, but it has been found from TGA that there is completely no extraction at all. In 1985, Dandge et al. [4] have reported that the solubility of amines in supercritical CO2 generally decreases with increasing basicity (Kb). The threshold basicity, above which the compound becomes insoluble in CO2, was found to be about 10 9. As such, it is a foregone conclusion that the surfactant dodecylamine (Kb 10 4) is insoluble in pure supercritical CO2. This explains the zero extraction observed and thereby justifies the need of a modifier (methanol in this case). 

From Figures 1 and 3, one can see that at a rather mild condition of 85°C and 100 bar, about 96% of the amine surfactant can be removed via SFE. However, it is vital to perform some characterisation studies on the mentioned SFE sample. N2 adsorption study and XRD were being performed on both the SFE and the calcined samples. The results obtained are shown in Figures 4 and 5 below. 

Hard-surface, usually metal, cleaning in which very specific kinds of dirt need to be removed, such as grease on engines, rust on metal parts, or burned carbon on cooking surfaces. The detergents may also need to be biocidal, such as blended non-ionic and quarternary amine surfactants. 

The present paper provides an overview of the physical properties of silica mesostructures with representative wormhole and lamellar framework structures assembled through S°P pathways. The wormhole framework silica, denoted HMS silica, was assembled using an alkylamine surfactant as the structure director and a silicon alkoxide as the inorganic precursor. The lamellar framework silica with a vesicular hierarchical structure, denoted MSU-G silica, was obtained from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as the silica precursor and a bi-functional gemini amine surfactant of the type RNH(CH2)2NH2. We then provide examples of the catalytic activity of these disordered mesostructures in comparison to more ordered framework mesostructures such as hexagonal MCM-41. 

Alternatively, the introduction of certain Lewis acid centers, as in the replacement of some Si4+ sites by Al3+, Fe3+ or B3+, will result in the formation of some protonated amine surfactant during the assembly process in order to balance the resulting framework. However, this small electrostatic participation of the surfactant is structurally inconsequential, and does not alter the wormhole channel motif. 

MSU-G mesostructures are obtained through the S°I° assembly of silica in the presence of a RNH(CH2)2NH2 gemini amine surfactant in which the R group contains between 8 and 22 carbon... 

Adams CD, Kuzhikannil JJ (2000) Effects of UV/H2O2 Peroxidation on the Aerobic Biodegradability of Quaternary Amine Surfactants, Wat. Res. 34, No. 2 668-672. 

The long chain ammonium salt and amine surfactants showed better selectivity and calculated MON s. The improvement in MON ranged from about 0.4 at an OSV of 0.08 V/Hr/V to more than 2 at 0.7 V/Hr/V. The space velocity was normally 0.077 and was cycled during the course of a run between this value and higher rates which were held until the product quality was steady. A comparison of selectivity to Cg s in the C fraction is shown in Figure 16. Octylamine was intermediate in its ability to improve selectivity while two of the surfactants which were anionic (FC-95 and FX-161), showed no improvement under well mixed conditions. In addition the tetramethylammonlum ion which is not surface active was also an ineffective additive. 

Auxiliary blowing agent - Fluorocarbon Catalyst - Organotin salt Catalyst - Tertiary amines Surfactant - Silicone copolymer... 

Choice of the tail length of surfactant (e.g., alkyltrimethylammonium and amine surfactants).12 8 171 In general, the surfactants with a chain length of Ci6 give the... 

Fig. 4 Ligand assisted templating mechanism for the synthesis of niobium oxide. The amine surfactant forms covalent bonds with the niobium (V) ethoxide, resulting in the formation of a hybrid interface. Upon exposure to water, the system organizes into various structures such as bidimensional hexagonal (Nb-TMSl), three-dimensional hexagonal (Nb-TMS2), lamellar (Nb-TMS4), or a cubic phase. (Nb-TMS3 is not shown in the figure.) (From Ref...

Chemicals is organised in three divisions Polymers, Performance Chemicals and Intermediates, and products include emulsions (adhesives/coatings), polyvinyl alcohol, amines, surfactants and polyurethanes. 

Armeen DM. [Akzo] Dimethyl (tert) amines surfactant intermediates. 

Prox-onic. [Protex] Ethoxylated ethers, esters, rnr amines surfactants for indus-... 

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