Surfactant production, intermediates fatty amines

Fatty Amines. A variety of different fatty amines is used as intermediates for surfactant production. Primary amines are used to prepare alkoxylated amines. The primary amine is produced by reacting fatty acid with ammonia to form the nitrile followed by hydrogenation. Tertiary amines are used as an intermediate for producing betaine, amine oxide, and hydroxyl ethyl quat (HEQ). The tertiary amine is produced by reacting olefin with HBr followed by substitution with dimethylamine. 

Aliphatic tertiary amines can be oxidised to A-oxides using 35% w/w H2O2 alone [149], typically in water at 1.1 1.0 molar ratio for 4-5 hours at 60-65°C (example for dodecyldimethylamine). This reaction is employed worldwide on a scale in excess of 25 ktpa, to make fatty amine oxides, which are used as surfactants [150] in personal care products (e.g. shampoos) and as thickener components in hypochlorite household bleach. N-Methylmorpholine A-oxide has a growing use as a solvent for cellulose in the manufacture of a new cellulose fibre [151]. Substituted oxazolidine N-oxides are relatively new user-friendly biocides [152]. A further application involving an aliphatic tertiary amine oxide intermediate is glyphosate manufacture (section 9.5.1.7.6). 

Some of the physical properties of fatty acid nitriles are Hsted in Table 14 (see also Carboxylic acids). Eatty acid nitriles are produced as intermediates for a large variety of amines and amides. Estimated U.S. production capacity (1980) was >140, 000 t/yr. Eatty acid nitriles are produced from the corresponding acids by a catalytic reaction with ammonia in the Hquid phase. They have Httie use other than as intermediates but could have some utility as surfactants (qv), mst inhibitors, and plastici2ers (qv). 

Amines. Aliphatic mono-, di-, and polyamines derived from fatty and main acids make up this class of surfactants. Primary, secondary, and tertiary monoamines with Qg alkyl or alkenyl chains constitute the bulk of diis class. The products are sold as acetates, naphdienales, or oleates. Principal uses are as ore-flotation agents, corrosion inhibitors, dispersing agents, wetting agents for asphalt, and as intermediates for the production of more highly substituted derivatives... 

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