Supplement industry

Riboflavin is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food-enrichment, and feed-supplement industries. Riboflavin USP is adininistered orally in tablets or by injection as an aqueous solution, which may contain nicotinamide or other solubilizers. As a supplement to animal feeds, riboflavin is usually added at concentrations of 2—8 mg/kg, depending on the species and age of the animal (see Feeds AND FEED ADDITIVES). 

Based on these capabilities, the RRS detection method has already found commercial application in the nutritional supplement industry (BioPhotonic Scanner , Pharmanex LLC, Provo, and Utah), which has placed thousands of portable instruments with their customers for rapid optical measurements of dermal carotenoid levels, and which has further developed the instrumentation for rugged field use (Bergeson et al. 2008). 

Since the U.S. Congress passed Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act in October 1994, the landscape of the dietary supplement industry has changed in the United States dramatically. In fact, as early as the late 1980s, the U.S. Pharmacopeia s elected Council of Experts (then known as the USP Committee of Revision) was evoking great interest in the development and establishment of public standards for the multitude of multivitamin and multivitamin-mineral combination products as well other nutritional supplement products marketed in the United States. 

Melatonin is promoted commercially as a sleep aid by the food supplement industry (see Chapter 64). Ramelteon is a selective MTi and MT2 agonist that is approved for the medical treatment of insomnia. This drug has no addiction liability (it is not a controlled substance), and it appears to be distinctly more efficacious than melatonin (but less efficacious than benzodiazepines) as a hypnotic. It is metabolized by P450 enzymes and should not be used in individuals taking CYP1A2 inhibitors. It has a half-life of... 

In 1994, the United States Congress, influenced by growing "consumerism" as well as strong manufacturer lobbying efforts, passed the DSHEA. DSHEA required the establishment of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards for the supplement industry however, it was not until 2007 that the FDA issued a final rule on the proposed GMP standards. This... 

Commercial casein is usually manufactured from skim milk by precipitating the casein through acidification or rennet coagulation. Casein exists in milk as a calcium caseinate-calcium phosphate complex. When acid is added, the complex is dissociated, and at pH 4.6, the isoelectric point of casein, maximum precipitation occurs. Relatively little commercial casein is produced in the United States, but imports amounted to well over 150 million lb in 1981 (USDA 1981C). Casein is widely used in food products as a protein supplement. Industrial uses include paper coatings, glues, plastics and artificial fibers. Casein is typed according to the process used to precipitate it from milk, such as hydrochloric acid casein, sulfuric acid casein, lactic acid casein, coprecipitated casein, rennet casein, and low-viscosity casein. Differences... 

There is a great deal of research under way in the OTC supplement industry that employs a similar pharmacological solution to liver destruction of micronutrients. 

This is the most common form of Creatine in the supplement industry. CM contains about 850-880 MG of free Creatine per 1000 MG of weight. When loading on C.M., daily intake will total. 3 grams per kilo of bodyweight (a 220 LB bodybuilder would need 30 G per day for 5 days -100 KG x 0.3 =30 G) divided into 3-5 daily dosages, followed by a daily maintenance dosage of 5-15 GMS. C.M. dissolves much better in warn water and about 16 OZ per 5 GMS is a must. Simple fact is if it does not dissolve, it does not absorb. Undissolved C.M. crystals tend to cause intestinal irritations, and in some cases, the runs. This is due to the body s need to flood the intestinal tract with excess water to flush out the irritant. Try that on a heavy squat day ... 

Some companies may think that they can get away with anything since they don t need the FDA s stamp of approval to sell their product. They re wrong. The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 made it clear how the FDA is to control the supplement industry and check up on manufacturers responsibilities. The manufacturer is responsible for checking that the product is safe, even though it doesn t need FDA approval to be sold. Companies must also show scientific evidence to back up any claims they make. Any company that violates the rules is informed of its violation(s) and ordered to make changes. Companies that still fail to follow the rules face serious penalties that include having the products taken away, and possible criminal charges. 

Liposomes have been used for years as components of drug delivery systems, and as transdermal carriers of active ingredients in the cosmetic industry (307, 308). More recently, liposomes have found use in the food and nutritional supplement industries. Keller (308) lists more than a dozen nutritional products on the market that have been formulated with novel liposome-based delivery systems. In the food area, hposomes have been studied for their ability to encapsulate and provide controlled release of enzymes (309, 310), and liposome-encapsulated enzymes have been used to accelerate the ripening of cheese (311). 

As the dietary supplement industry drastically continues to grow, so does the risk. Possible fraudulent products as well as consumer injury are both widely reported. It is very simple for a consumer to obtain such products of fraud due to advertisements on the internet, TV, and magazines. These articles promote a new product claiming to be a miracle cure , magical , or new discovery , however, if the product was a cure it would already be reported and used by health care professionals. Some promotions claim that the product can cure a wide range of unrelated diseases, but no product can do this. There are even some that claim to be backed by scientific studies, but the references may be inadequate or nonexistent. For instance, if a list of references is... 

Formaldehyde is also released from aminoplasts and their derivatives, such as urea-formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI), wood adhesives, and textile finishing agents. It is this supplemental, industrial source of formaldehyde that has become the subject of risk analysis. Should we allow products that serve our daily comfort to alter our environment by releasing an irritating vapor with a pungent odor ... 

As a whole the supplement industry is comprised of a few innovative individuals and an endless number of sales people. Each of which has to be concerned with legalities and liability. A supplement has to be nearly benign in nature to avoid the usual class action law suits that have destroyed the industry and allowed common sense to be replaced by laws (and 3 letter organizations carrying guns and badges for your betterment). 

If Mother Nature made it, then many believe that harm cannot come their way. This concept is supported by the astronomical growth of the natural foods and supplements industry. Interest in herbal and oriental medicine continues to surge. Although this romantic belief is generally true, modern man has forgotten some of the finer points inherent to this rubric that our ancestors regularly acknowledged. They did this because they knew nature is a constant foe. 

In fact, the aforementioned study is generally against vitamin supplements per se, with the possible exception of vitamins B12 and D (Campbell, 2005, pp. 94, 95, 215, 228, 229, 242, 269, 270, 288). Vitamins A, C, and E are also given short shrift. It is emphasized that the nutritional supplement industry, as well as the pharmaceutical industry, makes huge profits. Thus, natural foods are considered the ultimate source of vitamins and minerals. 

USE Food and salad oil, in candy manuf, in oleomargarine. Like wheat germ oil in dietary supplements. Industrially in oil -modified alkyd resins and soap manuf. 

Cardellina JH. Challenges and opportunities confronting the botanical dietary supplement industry. J Nat Prod 2001 65 1073-1081. 

The rapid growth of the food and dietary supplement industry into big business and the increase in the number of items on the shelves, the new controls on food additives and contaminants, and... 

Muth, M.K., D.W. Anderson, J.L. Domanico, J.B. Smith, and B. Wendling. 1999. Economic characterization of the dietary supplement industry. Contract No. 223-96-2290 Task Order 3. Final Report. Research Triangle Park, NC Research Triangle Institute. 

Hurley, Dan. Natural Causes Death, Lies, and Politics in America s Vitamin and Herbal Supplement Industry. New York Broadway Books, 2006. Hurley criticizes the supplements industry for its excesses and discusses the politics behind regulatory decisions. PDR for Nonprescription Drugs, Dietary Supplements, and Herbs. 30th ed. Montvale, N.J. Thomson Healthcare, 2008. The physician s desk reference provides information on dietary supplements and herbs. Tierra, Michael. The Way of Chinese Herbs. New W>rk Pocket Books, 1998. Avery thorough compendium of Chinese herbal remedies with descriptions, including the philosophy of treatment imderlying the Chinese herbal tradition. 

Food, Beverages, Food Additives, and Supplements. Industrial fermentation plays a major role in the production of food. Food products traditionally made by fermentation include dairy products (cheeses, sour cream, yogurt, and kefir) food additives and supplements (flavors, proteins, vitamins, and carotenoids) alcoholic beverages (beer, wines, and distilled spirits) plant products (bread, coffee, soy sauce, tofu, sauerkraut) and fermented meat and fish (pepperoni and salami). 

Pantothenic add is stable at room temperature and is one of the most stable B family vitamins. It is not affected by storage at -20 °C for a month (Machlin 1991). The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standard for pantothenic add is the (7(+)-enantiomer. Commercially available standards often are in the forms of sodium or calcium salts. The calcium salt of pantothenic acid (calcium pantothenate) is often used for fortification in the food and dietary supplement industries. 

Flavonoids and flavonoid-rich botanical extracts increasingly have been a subject of interest for scientific research, conferences in the scientific community, the herbal products and dietary supplement industry, and the consumer. This interest has led to research exploring the molecular basis of their action in health. Flavonoids in Flealth and Disease, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded highlights the recent advances in this rapidly developing field of study. 

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