Botanical extracts

Infringement search Infusion botanical extract Infusion mashing Infusors Ingrain Blue 2 1 Ingrain dyes Inhalation anesthetics Inherent viscosity Inhibin... 

A blend of botanical extracts natural chemicals, ie, isolates and those derived via natural processes, eg, ethyl acetate, absolute tagette and oil petitigrain mandarin. 

Composed of some, if not all, artificial chemicals, botanical extractive, essential oil, etc. 

Some of the commonly used botanical extracts include the following. 

Infusion. Infusion botanical extracts are tinctures that have been concentrated by either total or partial removal of the alcohol by distillation. 

Pommade. These are botanical extracts prepared by the enfleurage method wherein flower petals are placed on a layer of fat which extracts the essential oil. This method is appHed to low odored flowers, which do not yield appreciable oil on steam or water distillation, or flowers of valuable but dehcate odor (such as jasmin), which are destroyed on such treatment. Pommades, as such, are seldom used by the industry at present (ca 1995), but are further processed to provide more concentrated extracts such as absolutes. Absolutes, being alcohol-soluble, are much more convenient forms for the perfumer. 

The earliest references to cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde, and cinnamyl alcohol are associated with thek isolation and identification as odor-producing constituents in a variety of botanical extracts. It is now generally accepted that the aromatic amino acid L-phenylalanine [63-91-2] a primary end product of the Shikimic Acid Pathway, is the precursor for the biosynthesis of these phenylpropanoids in higher plants (1,2). 

Some constituents may have allergenic or toxic properties that render their presence in the botanical extract undesirable. A stringent tolerance limit for these negative markers may be specified in compendium articles. These markers are considered noxious contaminants and thus outside the scope of discussion in this chapter. 

Is the BCS that was developed with reference to chemically characterized and well-defined synthetic drug substances relevant for application and or adoption to botanical preparations (8) If one assumes, as is reasonable, that bioavailability of the active component(s) in a botanical dosage form depends on both solubility and permeability, the solubility of the botanical extract could be controlled through appropriate formulation technology and dissolution testing. The applicability of the BCS to botanical preparations will certainly be increasingly researched, debated, and discussed in the coming years. 

The in vivo model of choice for HP infections is the Mongohan gerbil model developed by Japanese researchers. This model was a major advancement and has accelerated investigations of the anti-HP activities of natural products. A number of botanical extracts have been tested in this animal model and have shown to have significant activity. 

Mahady GB, Pendland SL, Stoia A, Chadwick LR. (2005) In vitro susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to botanical extracts used traditionally for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Phytother Res 19 988-991. 

He, X.-G., On-line identification of phytochemical constituents in botanical extracts by combined high-performance liquid chromatographic-diode array detection-mass spectrometric techniques, J. Chromatogr. A, 880, 203, 2000. 

The field of natural raw materials is dominated by plant derivatives. Important representatives of naturals are the botanical extracts. Extracts can be obtained by water or alcohol-water extraction. Onion extract, for example, is produced by squeezing the washed and ground onion bulbs in large filter presses. The resulting onion juice can then be concentrated to give a stable raw onion extract with superior flavour properties. A valuable by-product is the onion oil which... 

FDA commissioned a study of dietary supplement sales in the United States in 1999. Samples of products were purchased from a representative sample of retail establishments, catalogs, and the Internet. The authors looked at the consistency of botanical products purchased. Forty percent to 46% of botanicals and botanical products were consistent with the ingredients listed on the label. Botanical extracts were even less consistent with the label, only 12%i to 24%i (depending on where purchased) were found to be consistent... 

Standard conditions and treated with the blank, positive, or negative controls and the botanical extracts. Vehicle use should be consistent in all cultures. Multiple time points should examine the immediate and prolonged effect of these treatments. After treatment, total RNA and/or microsomes are prepared from the harvested cells using standard methodologies. 

Figure 1 Standardized botanical extracts. Source Reprinted with permission of the Schaeffer Library of Drug Policy.

Pommade. These are botanical extracts prepared by the enfleurage method wherein flower petals are placed on a layer of fat which extracts the essential oil. 

Another, and perhaps more obvious, development area is the constant search for new flavours and unusual ingredients. There is currently a great interest in the use of various botanical extracts such as guarana and ginseng because of their implied qualities, but it is noteworthy that one of the oldest and certainly the most successful flavours, cola, was originally formulated with, and still contains, a natural vegetable extract of cola nut. 

As indicated above, another area of interest is the re-introduction of botanical extracts into soft drinks, ft is sometimes overlooked that one of the earliest widely available soft drinks was based on an extract of cola nut. 

Food colours are broadly divided into two classes natural and artificial. In the United States, these are listed as either exempt from certification or certified . The natural colours are botanical extracts, with the exception of carmine (a red colour), which should perhaps be termed an entomological extract as it is obtained from the insect Dactilopius coccus, sometimes termed the cochineal beetle, which breeds and feeds on particular cacti indigenous to Central and South America. Table 5.6 lists artificial colours permitted in soft drinks under EU legislation. 

The Botanical Extract Consultancy, 11 The Martins Drive, Linslade, Bedfordshire LU7 2TQ, UK... 

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