Sulfates ammonium sulfate

The yield of hydroquinone is 85 to 90% based on aniline. The process is mainly a batch process where significant amounts of soHds must be handled (manganese dioxide as well as metal iron finely divided). However, the principal drawback of this process resides in the massive coproduction of mineral products such as manganese sulfate, ammonium sulfate, or iron oxides which are environmentally not friendly. Even though purified manganese sulfate is used in the agricultural field, few solutions have been developed to dispose of this unsuitable coproduct. Such methods include MnSO reoxidation to MnO (1), or MnSO electrochemical reduction to metal manganese (2). None of these methods has found appHcations on an industrial scale. In addition, since 1980, few innovative studies have been pubUshed on this process (3). 

The gaseous ammonia is passed through electrostatic precipitators for particulate removal and mixed with the cooled gas stream. The combined stream flows to the ammonia absorber where the ammonia is recovered by reaction with a dilute solution of sulfuric acid to form ammonium sulfate. Ammonium sulfate precipitates as small crystals after the solution becomes saturated and is withdrawn as a slurry. The slurry is further processed in centrifuge faciHties for recovery. Crystal size can be increased by employing one of two processes (99), either low differential controUed crystallization or mechanical size enlargement by continuous compacting and granulation. 

A precipitate may be formed as a result of chemical reaction between separately soluble gases or liquids. Commercial examples are productions of sodium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium phosphate. 

Synonyms Ammonio-ferric alum, Ammonio-ferric sulfate, Ammonium sulfate, Ferric ammonium alum, Ferric ammonium sulfate, Ferric alum, Iron ammonia sulfate, Iron ammonium alum, Iron sulfate. 

Acetyl-CoA arylamine N-acetyltransferase was purified from pigeon liver by using steps involving protamine sulfate, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and affinity chromatography on immobilized amethopterin. Figure 9.20 shows a representative chromatogram. In another study, Thomas et al. (1990) used tryptamine as the substrate. In addition, whereas the study by Manneus et al. (1990) appeared to require pure enzyme, Thomas s study did not. 

Excellent stability at a wide range of pH and in the presence of great amounts of caustic, sulfuric acid, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, ammonium sulfate and all types of bleaching agents. 

K s is independent of pH and temperature, but depends on the nature of the protein and of the salt. Even so, these variations are not enormous with ammonium sulfate the variation of Ks with different proteins does not appear to be more than twofold. With the same protein and different salts, Ks decreases in the following order potassium phosphate, sodium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, sodium citrate, magnesium sulfate (Table I), f or chlorides the value is very much lower. 

Hydroxyethyl cellulose has good tolerance for dissolved electrolytes, although it may be salted out of solution when mixed with certain salt solutions. For example, the following salt solutions will precipitate a 10% w/v solution of Cellosize WP-09 and a 2% w/v solution of Cellosize WP-4400 sodium carbonate 50% and saturated solutions of aluminum sulfate ammonium sulfate chromic sulfate disodium phosphate magnesium sulfate potassium ferrocyanide sodium sulfate sodium sulfite sodium thiosulfate and zinc sulfate. 

Natrosol is soluble in most 10% salt solutions, excluding sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate, and many 50% salt solutions with the exception of the following aluminum sulfate ammonium sulfate diammonium phosphate disodium phosphate ferric chloride magnesium sulfate potassium ferrocyanide sodium metaborate sodium nitrate sodium sulfite trisodium phosphate and zinc sulfate. Natrosol 150 is generally more tolerant of dissolved salts than is Natrosol 250. 

Nitrogen dioxide in air and nitrate and/or nitrite in water, soil, analytical-grade KBr, potassium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate and toothpaste were determined by means of the decrease in absorbance of Neutral Red caused by diazotization with nitrite from the sample [4]. A mixture of oxalic acid, p-aminoacetophenone and Al-1-naphthyl ethylenediamine has been proposed as an efficient absorbing system for in situ spectrophotometric determination of nitrogen dioxide in environmental samples [5]. 

Acetic acid + salicylic acid Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium sulfate + sulfuric acid... 

Frank and Hirano (1990) survey the potential for the production and consumption of alternative, usable, commercial byproducts in conjunction with a major reduction in national emissions of SO2 and NO,. Hiey conclude that the potential byproduct yields from the U.S. acid rain control program greatly exceed available markets for the chemical products. Byproducts evaluated in the study include gypsum, sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate/nitrate, and nitrogen/phosphorous fertilizer. Henzel and Ellison (1990) present a review of past, present, and potential future disposal practices and commercial FGD byproduct utilization. Hiey indicate that the only discemable trend is the production of usable gypsum by wet FGD systems. The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments may create a need for disposal sites, which tend to be expensive and scarce and which could in themselves be environmental problems. Systems that produce usable byproducts are expected to become more important in the future as the disposal option becomes less viable. 

Figure 6.25 shows a phase diagram of lithium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and water at constant temperature and pressure. For each area in the diagram, tell what phase or phases are present and give the number of independent intensive variables. 

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