Ammonium phosphate-sulfates

Some of the principal forms in which sulfur is intentionally incorporated in fertilizers are as sulfates of calcium, ammonium, potassium, magnesium, and as elemental sulfur. Ammonium sulfate [7783-20-2] normal superphosphate, and sulfuric acid frequendy are incorporated in ammoniation granulation processes. Ammonium phosphate—sulfate is an excellent sulfur-containing fertilizer, and its production seems likely to grow. Some common grades of this product are 12—48—0—5S, 12—12S, and 8—32—8—6.5S. 

Three granular fertilizers were made triple superphosphate, monoammonium phosphate (11-47-0), and ammonium phosphate-sulfate (16-20-0). This technology, with various modifications, was later used in numerous fertilizer plants around the world and was one of the more important granulation processes for many years. 

A group of fertilizers known as ammonium phosphate-sulfates has been popular for many years and is still popular in many areas. The best known grade is 16-20-0, which essentially consists of MAP and ammonium sulfate CAS). One reason for its popularity is that it is relatively nonhygroscopic. Hygroscopidty, as measured by the critical relative humidity (CRH) of some phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers and combinations, is discussed in Chapter 18. 

Another-advantage of-ammonium phosphate-sulfate is the sulfur content, which is agronomically useful for many crops and soils. Ammonium phosphate-suUates have been produced by the Dorr-Oliver sluny process (previously discussed) since 1933 and more recently by other slurry granulation processes like the AZF - Grande Paroisse dual pipe-reactor process. The usual method involves reaction of sulfuric and phosphoric acid with ammonia, although ammonium sulfate from byproduct sources can be used. In addition to 16-20-0 and 11-48-0, several NPK grades are produced such as 14-28-14, 13-36-12, and 13-13-13. 

Mixed with additives, urea is used in soHd fertilizers of various formulations, eg, urea—ammonium phosphate (UAP), urea—ammonium sulfate (UAS), and urea—phosphate (urea + phosphoric acid). Concentrated solutions of urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) solutions (80—85 wt%) have a high nitrogen content but low crystallization point, suitable for easy transportation, pipeline distribution, and direct spray appHcation. 

Plasticity, and hence granulation efficiency, varies considerably with the nature and proportion of feed materials. Pure salts, such as potassium chloride and ammonium sulfate, lend Httle or no plasticity and thus are difficult to granulate. Superphosphates provide good plasticity. The plasticity of ammonium phosphates depends chiefly on the impurity content of iron and aluminum. The higher the impurity the greater the plasticity. In some cases, binders such as clay are added to provide plasticity. 

Copper. Some 15 copper compounds (qv) have been used as micronutrient fertilizers. These include copper sulfates, oxides, chlorides, and cupric ammonium phosphate [15928-74-2] and several copper complexes and chelates. Recommended rates of Cu appHcation range from a low of 0.2 to as much as 14 kg/hm. Both soil and foHar appHcations are used. 

Iron. As with copper, some dozen or more materials are used as fertilizer Hon sources. These include ferrous and ferric oxides and sulfides and ferrous ammonium phosphate [10101 -60-7] ferrous ammonium sulfate [10045-89-3] frits, and chelates. In many instances, organic chelates are more effective than inorganic materials. Recommended appHcation rates range widely according to both type of micronutrient used and crop. Quantities of Fe range from as low as 0.5 kg/hm as chelates for vegetables to as much as a few hundred kg/hm as ferrous sulfate for some grains. 

S. cerevisiae is produced by fed-batch processes in which molasses supplemented with sources of nitrogen and phosphoms, such as ammonia, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, and phosphoric acid, are fed incrementally to meet nutritional requirements of the yeast during growth. Large (150 to 300 m ) total volume aerated fermentors provided with internal coils for cooling water are employed in these processes (5). Substrates and nutrients ate sterilized in a heat exchanger and then fed to a cleaned—sanitized fermentor to minimize contamination problems. 

The neutralization of acids is of commercial importance. Three principal fertilizers, ammonium nitrate [6484-32-2], NH NO, ammonium sulfate [7782-20-2], (NH 2S04, and ammonium phosphate [10361-65-6], (NH PO, are made by reaction of the respective acids with ammonia. 

Ammonia is consumed in the manufacture of ammonium phosphates and ammonium sulfate by reaction with phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid, respectively. The phosphates may contain ortho- and polyphosphate values. Ammonium sulfate is also a by-product from other ammonia-using industries such as caprolactam (qv) and hydrogen cyanide (see Cyanides). 

Recovering ammonia as a by-product from other processes accounted for less than 1% of the total U.S. ammonia production in 1987. The principal source of by-product ammonia is from the coking of coal. In the coking operation, about 15—20% of the nitrogen present in the coal is Hberated as ammonia and is recovered from the coke oven gas as ammonium sulfate, ammonia Hquor, and ammonium phosphates. The recovery product depends on the scmbbing medium employed, sulfuric acid, milk of lime, and phosphoric acid, respectively. Ammonium sulfate recovery by the so-called semidirect process, is most widely employed. 

Sodium nitrate is used as a fertiliser and in a number of industrial processes. In the period from 1880—1910 it accounted for 60% of the world fertiliser nitrogen production. In the 1990s sodium nitrate accounts for 0.1% of the world fertiliser nitrogen production, and is used for some specific crops and soil conditions. This decline has resulted from an enormous growth in fertiliser manufacture and an increased use of less expensive nitrogen fertilisers (qv) produced from synthetic ammonia (qv), such as urea (qv), ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphates, ammonium sulfate, and ammonia itself (see Ammonium compounds). The commercial production of synthetic ammonia began in 1921, soon after the end of World War I. The main industrial market for sodium nitrate was at first the manufacture of nitric acid (qv) and explosives (see Explosives and propellants). As of the mid-1990s sodium nitrate was used in the production of some explosives and in a number of industrial areas. 

A number of products are being marketed under the trade name POLYON. These include coated basic fertilizer materials, ie, urea, potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate, potassium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, and iron sulfate, in various particle sizes. Coatings weights on urea vary from 1.5 to 15%, depending on the release duration desired. Table 6 Hsts typical products. 

Pla.tinum, Platinum plating has found appHcation in the production of platinised titanium, niobium, or tantalum anodes which are used as insoluble anodes in many other plating solutions (see Metalanodes). Plating solutions were often based on platinum "P" salt, which is diamminedinitroplatiniim (IT). A dinitroplatinite sulfate—sulfuric acid bath has been used to plate direcdy onto titanium (129). This bath contains 5 g/L of the platinum salt, pH adjusted to 2.0 with sulfuric acid. The bath is operated at 40°C at 10—100 A/m. Other baths based on chloroplatinic acid have been used in both acid and alkaline formulations the acid bath uses 20 g/L of the platinum salt and 300 g/L hydrochloric acid at 65° C and 10—200 A/m. The alkaline bath uses 10 g/L of the platinum salt, 60 g/L of ammonium phosphate and ammonium hydroxide to give a pH of 2.5—9.0. The alkaline bath can be plated directly onto nickel-base alloys acid baths require a gold strike on most metals. 

The major end use of ammonia is the fertilizer field for the production of urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium phosphate, and sulfate. Anhydrous ammonia could be directly applied to the soil as a fertilizer. Urea is gaining wide acceptance as a slow-acting fertilizer. 

Metals in contact with timber can be corroded by the acetic acid of the timber and by treatment chemicals present in it. Treatment chemicals include ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate flame-retardants. These are particularly corrosive towards steel, aluminum and copper alloys. Preservative treatments include copper salts which, at high timber moisture contents, are corrosive towards steel, aluminum alloys and zinc-coated items. 

Ammonium persulfate Enzyme breaker Complexing materials fluoride, phosphate, sulfate anions [747,748,748,748,749,969] [753] [205]... 

An enormous quantity of ammonium nitrate is produced annually primarily for use a fertilizer and also as an explosive. Ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, and urea are also used as nitrogen-containing fertilizers. They are produced by the reactions... 

However, the relatively low reported Ea of 8.14 kcal/mol (43) suggests that even moderately warm temperatures over several years, such as roof structures experience during the summer months, may be sufficient to form phosphoric acid. Ammonium sulfate, which can also thermally disassociate to form an acid (7,40), may cause even more degradation to lumber than ammonium phosphates (40,44). This thermal disassociation of ammonium salts may be the cause of the premature degradation recently observed in some fire retardant treated plywood roofing material. 

George, C. W., R. A. Susott. Effects of Ammonium Phosphate and Sulfate on the Pyrolysis and Combustion of Cellulose Forest Service Research Paper INT-90, U.S.D.A., 1971. 

The liquid chromatographic analysis was carried out using serial 4x300mm u-Bondagel E-125 and E-500 columns obtained from Waters Associates, Inc. The carrier was prepared to contain (A) 0.25M sodium perchlorate, 0.1% sodium lauryl sulfate that was dissolved and brought to pH 7.2 using ammonium phosphate and (B) tetrahydrofuran. An A/B ratio of 9 1 was mixed and filtered through a 0.2um membrane. 

Table 4.1 gives the use profile for ammonia. It can be applied directly for fertilizer or made into other nitrogen-containing compounds used for fertilizer such as urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, and nitric acid. Overall approximately 80% of ammonia has an end use as fertilizer. Explosives, a second important end use, made from ammonia are ammonium nitrate and, via nitric acid, the nitroglycerin used in dynamite. Chemical intermediates include acrylonitrile and caprolactam, which eventually go into fibers. 

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