Ammonium sulfate instrument

Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations in smoke aerosol can be measured by using a semicontinuous thermal-optical OC/EC instruments [18]. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and water-soluble ions can be detected in smoke plumes with a PILS combined with a total organic carbon analyzer [30] and IC [19]. Besides smoke-specific tracers, the HR-ToF-AMS enables to study the concentrations of organic matter (OM), nitrate, ammonium, sulfate, and chloride in smoke particles [30]. Black carbon (BC) can be measured in real-time with several instruments, e.g., with aethalometer [19], multi-angle absorption photometer [29], and particle soot absorption photometer [25]. 

Studies of aerosol size distributions in power plant plumes clearly show that gas-Co-panicle conversion is an important source of submicron aerosol. Condensable material is formed primarily by the oxidation of SOi to sulfates and NOj, to nitrates, both usually present as ammonium salts. It is somewhat easier to analyze plume aerosol dynamics than urban aerosol behavior because (in selected cases) the plume aerosol originates from a single source and is sufficiently well-defined to follow many kilometers downwind. By using ground-based mobile laboratories and/or suitably instrumented aircraft, the aerosol and associated gasc.s can be measured. 

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