Ammonium sulfate capacity

World ammonia capacity increased by nearly 14% from 1984 to 1996 while capacity for urea, the primary downstream nitrogen product, increased by 45%. The increases were due primarily to 1) a desire by some major importing countries to become more self-sufficient and 2) the construction of export-oriented capacity in the Middle East and in the former Soviet Union (prior to its breakup). Ammonium phosphate capacity increased by 9% between 1984 and 1996. Ammonium nitrate capacity declined by 2% from 1984 to 1996 while ammonium sulfate capacity declined by 8%35. 

Of the total US ammonium sulfate capacity, 75% is a by-product of caprolactam production. The balance comes primarily from the sources shown in Table 12.3. Direct synthesis accounts for less than 15% of US capacity. AS demand will probably fluctuate in the range of 2.2 to 2.6 million tons per year for the foreseeable future. And it has been in this same range since 1970. Any real demand growth may be more a factor of increased supply as a by-product of the caprolactam marker243. 

In Vitro Metabolism of Salicylic Acid. The protein precipitating between 50 and 65% (w/v) ammonium sulfate possessed the capacity to... 

Other conventional methods of protein purification also have their place. Precipitation techniques, such as ammonium sulfate or polyethylene glycol fractionation, do not give a high degree of purity on their own but do concentrate the protein and in combination with other techniques, such as ion-exchange chromatography, can be very useful. Separation on the basis of size is not a high capacity technique but can be applicable in the purification of IgM, which,... 

The trend in nitrogen product production generally parallels the changes in product capacity. However, ammonium sulfate production is expected to rise as world industrial production increases, even though a significant increase in capacity is not likely. Also, ammonium nitrate production is projected to be flat even though some new capacity will be built35. 

Caprolactam is used principally in the production of nylon 6 fibers. In the production of caprolactam, ammonia is used to maintain a reaction pH of 7 in one step, and in another step ammonia is used to neutralize sulfuric acid. Both of these steps result in the production of a low-grade ammonium sulfate fertilizer. In the classical process 5 kg of (NHO2SO4 are produced per kilogram of caprolactam, hi 1992 about 33% of the worldwide caprolactam capacity was based on DSM s caprolactam process that only produces 1.8 kg of (NH SC per kilogram of caprolactam46. 

Rapid purificadon of IgG may be achieved using the above apparatus and the Mono Q HR5/5 (HR 10/10) anion exchanger column. The HR5/5 and HRIO/IO columns are identical except in size, and thus capacity. If possible, it is advisable to use the HRlO/10 column that can handle 10 mL of ammonium sulfate cut serum containing IgG at about 10-15 mg/mL. When using the HRlO/10 column, it is necessary to use a superloop, which must be manually injected with the sample. The superloops have a maximum capacity of 10-mL sample, although any smaller volume may be delivered. The loop sizes for the smaller columns have a maximum volume of 0.5 mL. 

Figure 5.24 shows a graph indicating the equipment costs as a function of capacity for sodium sulfate crystallizers and ammonium sulfate crystallizers of the FC and the DTB type. 

The daily capacity of the plant is about 5,000 bbl of total liquid products. Coal consumption is 5,(X)0 tons per day, of whidi 1,800 tons is for the power plant and 3,200 tons for gasification. A block diagram of the synthesis plant is shown in Fig. 11-9. Units for producing ammonium sulfate and other materials are not shown. 

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