Water treatment ammonium sulfate

The ammonium sulfate is used to the extent of 97% in fertilizer. Other uses include water treatment, fermentation processes, fireproofing agents, and leather tanning. 

As an inexpensive source of acid, a large amount of the sulfuric acid that is produced is used for the manufacture of other mineral acids. It is also used to produce sulfates, such as ammonium sulfate (a low-grade fertilizer), sodium sulfate (used in the production of paper), and aluminum sulfate (used in water treatment), as well as organic sulfates (used as surfactants). Sulfuric acid is also a good catalyst for many reactions, including the transformation of ethanol into ethylene or ethyl ether. 

Inorganic salts have long been known to provide flame retardancy on cellulosic material that will not be exposed to water, rain or perspiration. The French chemist Gay-Lussac proposed a borax and ammonium sulfate treatment as a flame retardant for cotton in 1820. Today, a mixture of boric acid and borax is still an effective flame retardant for cotton at 10 % solids add-on. Ammonium salts of strong acids, especially phosphoric acid (P/N synergism) are particularly useful as nondurable flame retardants for cellulose. Three commercially important products are diammonium phosphate, ammonium suifamate and ammonium bromide. These salts readily form the corresponding strong acids upon heating (Fig. 8.10). 

Many water-insoluble ketones, aliphatic, aryl aliphatic, and heterocyclic, respond favorably to treatment with ammonium formate or formamide to form with subsequent hydrolysis the primary amines. A typical procedure for the synthesis of a-phenylethylamine (66%) from acetophenone and ammonium formate has been applied to many other ketones (65-84%). Nuclear alkoxyl, halo, and nitro groups are not disturbed. The reaction with formamide as the reducing agent is catalyzed by ammonium formate, ammonium sulfate, or magnesium chloride. ... 

Because these fire-retardant salts are water-soluble and subject to leaching, several new methods have been developed which provide a water-resistant or permanent treatment for cotton fabrics and cellu-losic materials. Perkin developed a process involving successive treatment with sodium stannate and ammonium sulfate, which precipitates stannic oxide in the cellulose libers. Antimony oxide in combination with vinyl chloride or other chlorinated polymers has also been found effective. A more recent approach to this problem involves application of fire-retardant resin-forming or cross-linking compounds. " These include materials and methods based on the copolymerization of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride and methylol — melamine, the reaction of bromoform and triallyl phosphate to form a cross-linked polymer, and the cross-linking reaction of tris(l-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide with cellulose, or its copolymerization with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride and other materials. ... 

The SCR process consists of the reduction of NO (typically 95% NO and 5% NO2 v/v) with NH3. The reaction stoichiometry is usually represented as 4NO + 4NH3 + 02 4N2 + 6H2O. This reaction is selectively effected by the catalyst, since the direct oxidation of ammonia by oxygen is prevented In the case of the treatment of sulfur-containing gas streams, the DcNO reaction is accompanied by the catalytic oxidation of SO2 to SO3 Oxidation of SO2 is highly undesirable because SO3 is known to react with water and residual ammonia to form ammonium sulfates, which can damage the process equipment. 

Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate both have other uses also. For example, ammonium nitrate is used to make explosives, fireworks, insecticides and herbicides (chemicals that kill insects and weeds), and rocket fuel. Ammonium sulfate is also used in water treatment systems, as a food additive, in the tanning of leather, in fireproofing materials, and as a food additive. 

Chloramination process can be applied to both water treatment and wastewater treatment (1,29). In the field of potable water treatment, chloramine is recommended as a secondary disinfectant because it is ineffective as a virucide, and is only marginally effective against Giardia cysts. It is formed from the combination of ammonia and chlorine (hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid). The chemical is generated on site, usually by injecting ammonia gas or adding an ammonium sulfate solution to chlorinated water. 

The presence of catalytically active Lewis acid sites in sulfated zirconia catalysts is much debated [1-5]. The conventional preparation of sulfated zirconia catalysts involves reaction of freshly precipitated zirconium hydroxide with diluted sulfiiric acid or impregnation of zirconium hydroxide with sulfuric acid or ammonium sulfate [6,7]. The final solid acid catalyst results by calcination at a temperature of 723 to 873 K. Provided thermodynamic equilibrium has been reached, all water and free sulfuric acid should have evaporated upon calcination at 673 to 873 K and only chemically bonded sulfete groups remain [8]. Above 890 K, bulk anhydrous Zr(S04)2 decomposes [1]. When uptake of water by the calcined catalyst is prevented or after loading of the catalyst in the reactor physisorbed water is removed by thermal treatment, only Lewis acid sites are present. Since it is difficult either to prevent the uptake of water vapor or to remove adsorbed water completely, it is difficult to attribute the acid activity of sulfeted zirconia catalysts unambiguously to Lewis acid sites. 

Additional practical considerations that are attractive about the sulfonation process is its safety and ease of treatment of waste components. Excess sulfur trioxide is easily removed with a gas scrubber to yield a simple to handle sulfuric acid stream, and with the convenient ammonia neutralization process described above, the principal waste stream is comprised of water with a small amount of ammonium sulfate. Methods of avoiding waste by recycling of SO3 itself have also been described... 

Gray Stick indicates double grow properly. Lesser quantities of the compound are utilized in water treatment plants where it is used to control the acidity of the water being processed. Among other uses of ammonium sulfate are ... 

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