Ammonium sulfate handling

The yield of hydroquinone is 85 to 90% based on aniline. The process is mainly a batch process where significant amounts of soHds must be handled (manganese dioxide as well as metal iron finely divided). However, the principal drawback of this process resides in the massive coproduction of mineral products such as manganese sulfate, ammonium sulfate, or iron oxides which are environmentally not friendly. Even though purified manganese sulfate is used in the agricultural field, few solutions have been developed to dispose of this unsuitable coproduct. Such methods include MnSO reoxidation to MnO (1), or MnSO electrochemical reduction to metal manganese (2). None of these methods has found appHcations on an industrial scale. In addition, since 1980, few innovative studies have been pubUshed on this process (3). 

Uhde-Hibemia A process for making a mixed ammonium nitrate - ammonium sulfate fertilizer (ASN) - which is less liable to explode than ammonium nitrate. Sulfuric acid is added to aqueous ammonium nitrate and ammonia gas passed in. The double salt crystallizes out. Additives are used to improve the handling characteristics of the product. Developed by Hibernia and licensed to Friedrich Uhde. See also Victor. 

Rapid purificadon of IgG may be achieved using the above apparatus and the Mono Q HR5/5 (HR 10/10) anion exchanger column. The HR5/5 and HRIO/IO columns are identical except in size, and thus capacity. If possible, it is advisable to use the HRlO/10 column that can handle 10 mL of ammonium sulfate cut serum containing IgG at about 10-15 mg/mL. When using the HRlO/10 column, it is necessary to use a superloop, which must be manually injected with the sample. The superloops have a maximum capacity of 10-mL sample, although any smaller volume may be delivered. The loop sizes for the smaller columns have a maximum volume of 0.5 mL. 

Ammonia gas is injected into treated water using systems and equipment similar to those used for chlorine gas. Aqua ammonia is handled using systems similar to those used for sodium hypochlorite. This form of ammonia is basic and has a strong odor, but is not corrosive. For ammonium sulfate powder, a 25-30% solution is prepared in a plastic or fiberglass container and added to the water by means of a chemical metering pump. Equipment similar to that used for handling calcium hypochlorite can be used for this process. Solutions of ammonium sulfate are stable, but acidic, and, therefore, corrosive to some metals. Materials that withstand dilute sulfuric acid will also withstand the corrosion effects of dilute ammonium sulfate solutions. 

Additional practical considerations that are attractive about the sulfonation process is its safety and ease of treatment of waste components. Excess sulfur trioxide is easily removed with a gas scrubber to yield a simple to handle sulfuric acid stream, and with the convenient ammonia neutralization process described above, the principal waste stream is comprised of water with a small amount of ammonium sulfate. Methods of avoiding waste by recycling of SO3 itself have also been described... 

D-Amino Acid Oxidase. The D-amino acid oxidizing activity is the more active and, under ordinary handling, the more stable. Purification studies indicate that a single enzyme, D-amino acid oxidase, is responsible for essentially all oxidation of D-amino acids in animal preparations, although specific enzymes appear to attack D-aspartic and D-glutamic acids. D-Amino acid oxidase was the first enzyme to be resolved into a protein and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The enzyme, precipitated with acid ammonium sulfate, is active only in the presence of FAD, and is used for both qualitative and quantitative determination of this cofactor. 

Ammonium hydrogen sulfate is highly hygroscopic and leads to sticky deposits which will not only block the catalyst pores but also the channels. Ammonium sulfate is not as dangerous as it builds a dry ash-like salt and will decompose before melting [9]. Small quantities of pure ammonium sulfate can be handled by soot blowers. Figure 2.13 shows the gas phase conditions at which ammonium sulfate or ammonium hydrogen sulfate will form. 

In the case of a nonenzyme protein, such as a steroid receptor, requirements of homogeneity, amounts of protein necessary, and absence of the activity handle pose additional problems. We have tried to affinity label partially purified progesterone receptor wdth O Malley s 30% ammonium sulfate fraction from chick oviduct and bromoacetoxyproges-terones. On subsequent sucrose density gradient analysis, w e observed several radioactive peaks. Obviously, further purification is a prerequisite to intensive study. 

Soder (40) used TLC to separate nucleotides from cell culture. TLC gave high resolution, but low load capacity and cumbersome procedures to handle material. Plate CEL 300 and butanol-acetic-water or ethanol-ammonium acetate (pH 5) effected good separations. He employed colorimetric quantitation with ninhydrin-cadmium. TLC was most effective for nucleotides below 4000 mw. Kumar (41) separated plant viral RNA. He used cellulose TLC, n-butyric-ammonia-water as 1-D, and ammonium sulfate-sodium acetate-isopropenal as 2-D. The system easily separates 2 vs 3 NMP s. Munns et al. (42) separated methylated RNA by 2-D TLC. They employed varying percentages of silica gel/cellulose in acetonitrile (ACN) ethyl- or acetate-propanol-butanol-water-ammonium hydroxide. 

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