Ammonium sulfate consumption

Figure 7. Ceric ammonium sulfate consumption for cotton linter O—O, 30°C — , 60°C and for semichemical pulp - ---------30°C X—X 60°C.

Economic Aspects and Uses. Almost all ammonium sulfate is used as a fertilizer for this purpose it is valued both for its nitrogen content and for its readily available sulfur content. In 1986/1987 United States consumption of ammonium sulfate was 0.57 million metric tons (34) world consumption during the same period was estimated at 13.3 million metric tons. In North America ammonium sulfate is largely recovered from caprolactam production. 

Sulfur (qv) is among the most widely used chemicals and often considered to be one of the four basic raw materials of the chemical iadustry. In 1993, worldwide production of sulfur reached 55 million metric tons (1). Production of sulfuric acid consumes the vast majority (- 90%) of sulfur (2) (see Sulfuric acid and sulfur trioxide). This acid is a steppiag stone ia the production of other sulfur-containing compounds, most notably ammonium sulfate fertilizer which accounts for 60% of the total worldwide sulfur consumption (2) (see Ammonium compounds Fertilizers). 

Hydroxylamine sulfate is produced by direct hydrogen reduction of nitric oxide over platinum catalyst in the presence of sulfuric acid. Only 0.9 kg ammonium sulfate is produced per kilogram of caprolactam, but at the expense of hydrogen consumption (11). A concentrated nitric oxide stream is obtained by catalytic oxidation of ammonia with oxygen. Steam is used as a diluent in order to avoid operating within the explosive limits for the system. The oxidation is followed by condensation of the steam. The net reaction is... 

Urea and ammonium sulfate [7783-20-2] are coated by Chisso Co. under the trade names LP Cote and Meister. AH U.S. consumption of these products is sourced from Japan. Chisso-Asahi products are marketed through very specific distribution channels (Table 5). Coated N—P—K products are marketed primarily to commercial nurseries and greenhouses. Coated urea products are marketed in blends to commercial nurseries, as weU as to professional turf and strawberry growers. 

The ceric consumption was determined according to the method of Mino and Kaizerman (10) as nanomole ceric ammonium sulfate per 100 g cellulose. 

The consumption of ureaform in the United States is approximately 75,000 tons/year, not including that formed in compound fertilizers from solutions. Most of the production goes into compound fertilizer for specialty uses, such as for lawns, flower gardens, and golf courses. The wholesale price of ureaform per unit of nitrogen is about three times that of urea, ammonium nitrate, or ammonium sulfate. 

In that process, a large quantity of ammonium sulfate is produced, and it is used in fertilizers because it is a relatively inexpensive source of nitrogen. Finally, a large quantity of sulfuric acid is used as the electrolyte in millions of automobile batteries. With so many processes that consume enormous quantities of H2S04, it is not surprising that the production and consumption of sulfuric acid provides a barometer to the general health of the economy ... 

Pure ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate-ammonium sulfate mixtures and calcium carbonate-ammonium nitrate mixtures (lime ammonium nitrate, calnitro , see Section 2.2.2.2) belong to this substance class. The worldwide production of these materials in 1995 was 15.5 10 t. In total nitrogen fertilizer production there is a shift to urea, which has a higher nitrogen content and can be inexpensively produced. The total consumption of ammoni-... 

DSM, working initially with DuPont and then later with Shell, have developed a process using butadiene and carbon monoxide feedstocks to make caprolactam without ammonium sulfate production in the mid-1990s. Called Altam, the process employs four steps - carbonylation, hydroformylation, reductive amination and cyclization. DSM claims cost reductions of 25-30%, simplified plant operations and lower energy consumption, but the process never reached commercial scale. 

The daily capacity of the plant is about 5,000 bbl of total liquid products. Coal consumption is 5,(X)0 tons per day, of whidi 1,800 tons is for the power plant and 3,200 tons for gasification. A block diagram of the synthesis plant is shown in Fig. 11-9. Units for producing ammonium sulfate and other materials are not shown. 

Authority (also see Nelson, 1965, for discussion of these data). There has been a rapid increase in the use of anhydrous ammonia and a moderate increase in the consumption of ammonium nitrate and nitrogen solutions. These three nitrogen sources represent the bulk of the nitrogen used. The older sources, such as ammonium sulfate and sodium nitrate, have now become comparatively minor nitrogen sources. 

Ammonia consumption 0.8 t/h at max. sulfur concentration Amount ammonium sulfate 3.2 t/h at max. sulfur eoncentration FTP Flue gas treatment plant... 

Frank and Hirano (1990) survey the potential for the production and consumption of alternative, usable, commercial byproducts in conjunction with a major reduction in national emissions of SO2 and NO,. Hiey conclude that the potential byproduct yields from the U.S. acid rain control program greatly exceed available markets for the chemical products. Byproducts evaluated in the study include gypsum, sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate/nitrate, and nitrogen/phosphorous fertilizer. Henzel and Ellison (1990) present a review of past, present, and potential future disposal practices and commercial FGD byproduct utilization. Hiey indicate that the only discemable trend is the production of usable gypsum by wet FGD systems. The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments may create a need for disposal sites, which tend to be expensive and scarce and which could in themselves be environmental problems. Systems that produce usable byproducts are expected to become more important in the future as the disposal option becomes less viable. 

Materials consumed as nitrogen fertilizer in the United States are given in Table 28.2, for the years 1965, 1970, 1977, and 1990. Ammonia consumption, both by direct application and in solution, shows some decrease. Urea continues to be of interest because of its high nitrogen content (i.e., 46.7% N vs. 35% N for ammonium nitrate). Consumption of ammonium sulfate continues to decrease because it is a by-product and contains only 21.2 percent nitrogen. 

The oxidation of 2,5-dihydroxypyridine is catalyzed by an enzyme that has been fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The products produced by the active fraction were maleamic and formic acids. The disappearance of substrate is accompanied by the consumption of two atoms of oxygen per mole. 

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