Nicotinic production

Nicotine Delivery Systems. For all transdermal nicotine products, the hypothesis is that continuous deflvery of nicotine [34-11-3] ne t trough levels during smoking should alleviate physical nicotine withdrawal symptoms and allow the smoker to concentrate on eliminating the behavioral aspects of addiction. 

NIDA. NIDA InfoFacts Cigarettes and Other Nicotine Products 2005. 

Smith SY, Curbow B, StUlman FA (2007) Harm perception of nicotine products in college freshmen, Nicotine Tob Res 9(9) 977-982... 

The abuse liability of nicotine varies widely as a function of its formulation and speed of delivery. For example, in a cross-study comparison of abuse liability data, Henningfield and Keenan concluded that abuse liability was related to the speed of nicotine delivery and the nature of the nicotine formulation (Henningfield and Keenan 1993). This finding is consistent with data concerning other substances of abuse (Stitzer and De Wit 1998). Every medicinal nicotine product approved by the FDA has been considered for potential labeling and restrictions based on its presumed abuse liability. 

Solt, M. L. 1957. Nicotine production and growth of excised tobacco root culture. Plant Physiology, 32 480 84. 

Roper, W Schulz, M., Chaouiche, E. and Meloh, K. A. 1985. Nicotine production by tissue cultures of tobacco as influenced by various culture parameters. Journal of Plant Physiology, 118 463 70. 

The ethylene-insensitive plants also showed reduced defense protein synthesis and were susceptible to soil pathogens to which they were normally fully resistant. In connection with the third trophic level, Kahl et al. (2000) found that attack by Manduca caterpillars on wild tobacco plants causes an ethylene burst that suppressed induced nicotine production but stimulated volatile emissions. They argued that the plant chooses to employ an indirect defense (the attraction of natural enemies) rather than a direct defense to which the attacker could adapt (Kahl et al, 2000 Winz and Baldwin, 2001). This implies that the plant is capable of identifying its attacker. We discuss this possibility in more detail in the discussion of specificity. 

Baldwin, I.T. (1999). Inducible nicotine production in native Nicotiana as an example of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Journal of Chemical Ecology 25 3-30. 

ODC is not a rate-limiting step in nicotine biosynthesis.138 Overexpression of oat ADC in tobacco increased the accumulation of agmatine, but increased nicotine production was not detected.139... 

Nicotine biosynthesis is localized in the roots of Nicotiana plants, and the alkaloids are transported to the shoots in the xylem stream,70 mainly to young leaves and stems and the reproductive parts of the plant.72 At first glance, the costly transport mechanisms seem to be a disadvantage, as there is a time lag of 10 hr from time of induction until the increase of nicotine production.73 The roots, however, as the site of synthesis are well protected against herbivory and continue the production, even when up to 88% of the total leave area is removed.74 Optimization of the cost-value ratio seems to be the reason for the inducible defense acting as a cost-saving... 

BALDWIN, I.T., KARB, M.J., OHNMEISS, T.E., Allocation of 15N from nitrate to nicotine Production and turnover of a damage-induced mobile defense. Ecology, 1994,75, 1703-1713. 

Nicotine is a highly poisonous alkaloid, extracted from special tobacco selected for its high nicotine content. When used as an insecticide, nicotine products are poisonous to most plant pests, including aphids, mealybugs, scales, and spider mites. However, nicotine is also highly toxic to mammals when taken internally or absorbed through the skin— more toxic, in fact, than many synthetic pesticides. It remains toxic on leaf surfaces for several weeks after an application. Also, nicotine products may contain the pathogen that causes tobacco mosaic virus in related... 

Reports that boron deficiency increased nicotine production (436, 437) could not be confirmed in the writer s laboratory (Scholz, unpublished). Boron deficiency in Salsola richteri (190) and in Atropa (438) seemed to decrease alkaloid formation. There is a report that extra manganese and cobalt lead to increased alkaloid yields in Datura (439). 

A number of factors have been studied for their influence on nicotine production. Of these the negative effect of auxins, and in particular 2,4-D, on alkaloid production is worth mentioning (202-204,211,220, 225,226,229,255). In root cultures the addition of indoleacetic acid (lAA) also reduces alkaloid production (196). Light was reported to inhibit nicotine formation (50,255). In a green cell suspension, however, increased nicotine levels were found on illumination (229). Ikemeyer and Barz (243) reported that a photoautotrophic cell line of N. tabacum did not produce nicotine, whereas a heterotrophic cell line did accumulate this alkaloid. Elicitation with a preparation of the fungus Phytophthora megasperma did not affect the nicotine levels of these cell lines. Addition of organic acids to the medium resulted in increased alkaloid formation in callus cultures (up to 3.25%) (230). For a review of the various cultural factors which influence secondary metabolism, the reader is referred to Mantell and Smith (255). 

IV. Diagnosis is suggested by vomiting, pallor, and diaphoresis, although these symptoms ate nonspecific. The diagnosis is usually made by a history of tobacco, insecticide, or therapeutic nicotine product exposure. Nicotine poisoning should be considered in a small child with unexplained vomiting whose parents consume tobacco. 

The wild-growing tobacco variety Nicotiana sylvestris reacts to mechanical damage, for example by herbivores like the caterpillar of the American tobacco hornworm Manduca sexto, by increasing its nicotine production up to four-fold (Fig. 5.206). The tobacco farmer pursues the same objective bypinching out the shoots of young plants. Their response is mediated by jasmonic add. Unharmed tobacco plants show higher nicotine levels as well, if the phytohormone is supplied e.g. with irrigation water to the roots. [537,538]... 

Palazon J, Cusido RM, Roig C, Pinol MT (1997) Effect of rol genes from Agrobacterium rhizogenes TL-DNA on nicotine production in tobacco root cultures. Plant Physiol Biochem 35(35) 155-162. doi 35400006301189.0090... 

Table 4.1. Growth and Nicotine Production by a Clone of Excised Roots of Nicotiana tabacum var. Turkish ...

Several authors have studied nicotine production (i.e., biosynthesis) in callus tissue cultures (Speake et al., 1964 Benveniste et al., 1966 Furuya et al.y 1966, 1971 Tabata et aL, 1968, 1971 Shiio and Ohta, 1973 and Heinze, 1975). The biosynthesis of nicotine is dependent upon the formation of organized tissue within the callus. Nodule-like structures similar to roots were observed in our laboratories using tobacco variety Maryland-872, which produces 96% of its alkaloids as nicotine. Shoot formation stimulated nicotine production in the callus, and nicotine may have been transported from the callus to the shoot. Nicotine production and tissue differentiation were dependent upon concentrations and types of growth regulators in the culture medium (Tables 4.3 and 4.4). The vegetative buds and leaves (shoots) contained about live times as much nicotine as callus without buds or leaves, which is in agreement with the results of Tabata et al (1968). 

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