Remazol Black

Halomonas sp. Remazol Black, Maxilon Blue, Sulfonyl Scarlet BNLE, Sulfonyl Green BLE, Remazol Black N, Entrazol Blue IBC The bacterium was capable of decolorizing the dyes in wide range of NaCl concentrations after 4 days of incubation period [73]... 

Shewanella J18 143 Remazol Black B, Acid Orange 7 Anaerobic cultures of Shewanella strain J18 143 rapidly removed color from the azo dye Remazol Black B in the growth medium to produce an absorbance at 597 nm of less than 1 in under 40 min [86]... 

Remazol Black B Alcaligenes faecalis, Microbial consortium immobilized [187]... 

Black B sludge collected was obtained for Remazol Black ... 

Oxspring DA, McMullan G, S myth WF, Marchant R (1996) Decolorization and metabolism of the reactive textile dye Remazol-Black-B by an immobilized microbial consortium. Biotechnol Lett 18 527-530... 

The color index (Cl) number, developed by the society of dyers and colorists, is used for dye classification. Once the chemical structure of a dye is known, a fivedigit Cl number is assigned to it. The first word is the dye classification and the second word is the hue or shade of the dye. For example, Cl Acid Yellow 36 (Cl 13065) is a yellow dye of the acid type. Additionally, a dye mixture may consist of several dyes for example, Navy 106 is composed of three reactive azo dyes remazol black B (Reactive Black 5), Remazol Red RB (Reactive Red 198), and Remazol Golden Yellow 3. 

Methanogens consortium Remazol black-b, rem. red rr, rem. yellow Fluidized bed Continuous... 

Activated sludge from a full-scale plant Remazol brilliant violet Remazol black b SBR 24 h sequencing batch... 

Remazol black b rdye = DyeL, b increases with DyeL... 

Dafale N, Wate S, Meshram S et al (2008) Kinetic study approach of remazol black-B use for the development of two-stage anoxic-oxic reactor for decolorization/biodegradation of azo dyes by activated bacterial consortium. J Hazard Mater 159 319-328... 

Dye decolorizing potential of the WRF Ganoderma lucidum KMK2 was demonstrated for recalcitrant textile dyes. G. lucidum produced laccase as the dominant lignolytic enzyme during SSF of wheat bran, a natural lignocellulosic substrate. Crude enzyme shows excellent decolorization activity to anthraquinone dye Rema-zol Brilliant Blue R without redox mediator, whereas diazo dye Remazol Black-5 (RB-5) requires a redox mediator [43]. 

Aksu Z, Kilic NK, Ertugrul S, Donmez G (2007) Inhibitory effects of chromium(VI) and Remazol Black B on chromium(VI) and dyestuff removals by Trametes versicolor. Enzyme Microb Technol 40 1167-1174... 

One of the first reports on yeast-mediated color removal by a putative process of biosorption of azo dyes by yeast (Rhodotorula sp.) biomass belongs to [31]. Yeast species such as Kluveromyces marxianus removed the diazo dye remazol black B [10], Candida catenulata and Candida kefyr removed more than 90% of amaranth by biosorption [6]. Biosorption uptake of the textile azo dyes remazol blue, reactive black, and reactive red by S. cerevisiae and C. tropicalis varied according to the selected dye, dye concentration, and exposure time [5, 7]. In a recent screening work carried out by [32], from the 44 yeast strains tested for their decolorization ability, 12 of them removed the dye Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP by biosorption, among them the following were identified S. cerevisiae, Saccharomyces uvarum, Torulopsis Candida, and Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. 

Meehan C, Banat IM, McMullan G et al (2000) Decolorization of remazol black-B using a thermotolerant yeast, Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3. Environ Int 26 75-79... 

The decolourization capacity of the white-rot fungus Phlebia tremellosa was investigated in detail. Dyes included in the experiments were Cibacron red, Remazol navy blue, Remazol red, Cibacron orange, Remazol golden yellow, Remazol blue, Remazol turquoise blue, and Remazol black B. The decomposition of Remazol black B was followed by RP-HPLC. Measurements were performed in an ODS column (250 X 4.6 mm i.d.) using ACN-water... 

Fig. 3.100. Chemical structures of (A) Remazol brilliant orange 3R (B) Remazol black B and (C) Remazol brilliant violet 5R. Reprinted with permission from N. Supaka et al. [158].

Arslan, 1 Balcioglu, lA. Degradation of Remazol Black B dye and its simulated dyebath wastewater by advanced oxidation processes in heterogeneous and homogeneous media. Coloration Technology, 2001 117, 38-42. 

Oxspring, A.A. McMuUan, G. Smyth, W.F. Marchant, R. Decolourisation and metabolism of the reactive textile dye, Remazol Black 5, by an immobihzed microbial consortium. Biotechnol. Lett. 1996,18, 527-530. 

Figure 6.15 presents the LC-UV chromatogram of the hydrolysis products from the first step of simulated waste water treatment of Remazol Black 5 (RB5), a commercially important textile dye, while Figure 6.16 shows a series of stop-flow LC-NMR spectra acquired in an LC-NMR-MS run. The NMR and MS data of the tentatively identified compounds are shown in Tables 6.6 and 6.7, respectively. These are only by- or degradation products which elute earlier than the hydrolysed Remazol Black. Peaks which elute later consist of coeluting dye components which have not yet been identified. 

Figure 6.15 LC chromatogram of the hydrolysis products from the first step of simulated waste water treatment of Remazol Black 5. Conditions column, LiChrospher RP 18e, 250 x 4.0mm, 5 eluent, A - 20mM NH4COOH in CH3CN/D20 (70/30), B - 20mM NH4COOH in CH3CN/D2O (10/90) gradient, t = Omin A/B (10/90), / = 15min A/B (70/30) flow, 0.8 ml/min...

It is interesting to note that compound 4, which was found only in small quantities in the first step of the simulated waste water treatment, is one of the main components in the second step, that is, the decolorization of the hydrolysed Remazol Black by treatment with the white rot fungus Trametes versicolor in sequencing batch reactors [20],... 

Figure 6.16 Stop-flow NMR spectra of the hydrolysis products of Remazol Black 5 acquired an LC-NMR-MS run 95% of the eluent was transfered to the NMR spectrometer and 5% t° the mass spectrometer. Equipment NMR spectrometer, Bruker DRX 600 probe head, 4 mm z-gradient LC probe between 256 and 1024 scans were acquired mass spectrometer, bruker Esquire-LC ion-trap machine, equipped with an ESI ionization source...

Table 6.6 m NMR data obtained for the identified or tentatively identified hydrolysis products of Remazol Black 5. 

Vinodgopal K, Peller J, Makogon O, Kamat PV. Ultrasonic mineralization of a reactive textile azo dye. Remazol Black B Water Res 1998 32 3646-3650. 

Care must be taken to control the formation of toxic compounds during the process, as has been observed during the degradation of Remazol Black-B. However, an absence of toxicity was reported as occurring at the end of the process [29]. 

Remazol Black-B H202-UV -Absorbance, -TOC, toxicity Ince et al. (1997)... 

H2O2 Degradation and Toxicity Reduction of Textile Azo Dyes Remazol Black-B, a Case Study, J. Adv. Oxid. Technol. 2, No. 3 442-448. 

Sometimes an increase in toxicity is observed during the first few minutes of AOP treatment. Ince et al. (1997) demonstrated this effect by H2O2-UV treatment of a textile azo dye (Remazol Black-B) in aqueous solution (Fig. 7-20). After a sig-... 

Fig. 7.20 H2O2-UV treatment of the reactive azo dye Remazol Black-B in aqueous solution diminution ofTOC, dye concentration and of relative toxicity index (established by Microtox technique). Conditions [C26H2iN5Na40i9Se] =...

When analysing reactive dyes care needs to be taken in the interpretation of the results. Certain ranges of reactive dyes may be supplied in the form of a precursor of the actual reactive dye. Reactive dyes can undergo hydrolysis in aqueous environments (especially if alkaline). In recent years there has been an increase in the number of bifunctional reactive dyes. For aU of the reasons mentioned, a multitude of peaks may be detected from the different derivatives of dyes such as Remazol Black B (C.L Reactive Black 5) The full chemistry of reactive dyes has not always been appreciated by workers analysing them leading to misinterpretations, for example in the work of Oxspring et al. ... 

Amino-5-hydroxy-3,6-bis((4-((2-(sulfooxy)ethyi)-sulfon-yl)phenyl)azo)-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid tetra-sodium salt. 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-3,6-bis((4-((2-(sulfooxy)ethyl)-sulfon-yl)phenyl)azo)- C.l. 20505 C.l. Reactive Black 5 Cav-alite Black B Celmazol Black B DIamira Black B Dri-marene Black R/K 3B EINECS 241-164-5 Intraoron Black VS-B Levafix Black E-B Primazin Black BN Reactive Black 5 Remazol Black B Remazol Black GF Sumifix Black B. 

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