Stipule, defined

The so-called laws of Nature are scientific generalizations of regularities observed in the behaviour of a system under specified conditions. Behaviour in this sense implies, almost invariably, the way in which a system of interest develops as a function of time. More basic still, more than law, call it axiom, is the all but universally accepted premise that the outcome of any scientific experiment is independent of its location and orientation in three-dimensional space, provided the experimental conditions can be replicated. A moment s reflection shows that this stipulation defines a symmetry which is equivalent to the conviction that space is both homogeneous and isotropic. The surprising conclusion is that this reproducibility, which must be assumed to enable meaningful experimentation, dictates the nature of possible observations and hence the laws that can be inferred from these observations. The conclusion is father to the thought that each law of Nature is based on an underlying symmetry. 

As we stated in the Introduction, a complete review and thorough analysis of publications devoted to the subject overstep the bounds of this work. Below in this section we only present an overview illustrating some typical approaches to modeling of hydrocarbon oxidation. Among them, we distinguish two groups of models stipulatively defined as additive and combinatorial . The former... 

Tests on vehicles have shown that the volatility index as defined expresses satisfactorily the fuel contribution during hot operation of the engine (Le Breton, 1984). In France, specifications stipulate that its value be limited to 900, 1000 and 1150, respectively, according to the season (summer, spring/fall, winter). The automobile manufacturers, being even more demanding, require in their own specifications that the FVI not be exceeded by 850 in summer. 

Figure 2.1 served as the basis for our initial analysis of viscosity, and we return to this representation now with the stipulation that the volume of fluid sandwiched between the two plates is a unit of volume. This unit is defined by a unit of contact area with the walls and a unit of separation between the two walls. Next we consider a shearing force acting on this cube of fluid to induce a unit velocity gradient. According to Eq. (2.6), the rate of energy dissipation per unit volume from viscous forces dW/dt is proportional to the square of the velocity gradient, with t]q (pure liquid, subscript 0) the factor of proportionality ... 

All these standards have since been adopted by the member countries as their national standards, fully or in slightly modified forms, to suit their own requirements and working conditions. These standards define and clarify the quality norms and aim at in-house quality disciplines, to automatically and continually produce a product, provide a service or programme to the stipulated specifications, quality norms and customer needs. They guarantee a product or service with a minimum quality. The envisaged quality systems thus aim at a work culture that pervades all those involved in different key activities or processes, to achieve the desired goal through carefully evolved systems. 

Insulation systems were first classified according to the material used, and permissible temperatures were established based on the thermal aging characteristics of these materials. For example. Class B insulation was defined as inorganic materials such as mica and glass with organic binders 130°C was the allowable maximum operating temperature. The present definition of insulation system Class B stipulates that the system be proven. . by experience or accepted tests. .. to have adequate life expectancy at its rated temperature, such life expectancy to equal or... 

The standard does not stipulate which method should be used. In very small companies a lack of such documents defining responsibility and authority may not prove detrimental to quality provided people are made aware of their responsibilities and adequately trained. However, if you are going to rely on training, there has to be some written material which is used so that training is carried out to consistent standards. 

The standard allows for undocumented verbal orders but requires that the order requirements are agreed before their acceptance. The third party auditor cannot confirm conformity with this requirement as there will be no objective evidence to substantiate the transaction other than the payment invoice. If the supplier confirms the agreement in writing a written statement of requirement exists. The standard does not stipulate that the agreement has to be documented only that the requirements need to be documented regardless of who produced them. The only evidence that the requirements were adequately defined is therefore the payment from the customer against the supplier s invoice. 

Similarly, is a moment gemnit width as shown In Figure 4-7. However, Nx, etc., and etc T 6ereferred to as forces and moments with the stipulation of per unit width being dropped for convenience. The entire collection of force and moment resultants for an N-layered laminate is depicted in Figures 4-6 and 4-7 and is defined as... 

Festland, n. continent, mainland, festlegen, v.t. fix place define stipulate bed moor arrest. 

Takesue [takes87] defines the energy of an ERCA as a conserved quantity that is both additive and propagative. As we have seen above, the additivity requirement merely stipulates that the energy must be written as a sum (over all sites) of identical functions of local variables. The requirement that the energy must also be propagative is introduced to prevent the presence of local conservation laws. If rules with local conservation laws spawn information barriers, a statistical mechanical description of the system clearly cannot be realized in this case. ERCA that are candidate thermodynamic models therefore require the existence of additive conserved quantities with no local conservations laws. A total of seven such ERCA rules qualify. ... 

In order to compensate for the presence of such a term in the matrix element of [current operator ju(x) by stipulating... 

We have already dlsussed structure factors and symmetry as they relate to the problem of defining a cubic unit-cell and find that still another factor exists if one is to completely define crystal structure of solids. This turns out to be that of the individual arrangement of atoms within the unit-cell. This then gives us a total of three (3) factors are needed to define a given lattice. These can be stipulated as follows ... 

In order to arrive ultimately at the entropy change accompanying deformation, we now proceed to calculate the configurational entropy change involved in the formation of a network structure in its deformed state as defined by a, ay, and (We shall avoid for the present the stipulation that the volume be constant, i.e., that axayag=l.) Then by subtracting the entropy of network formation when the sample is undeformed (ax = ay = az=l)j we shall have the desired entropy of deformation. As is obvious, explicit expressions will be required only for those terms in the entropy of network formation which are altered by deformation. 

Traceability of measurement results is essential in the establishment of a certified reference material. As stipulated in ISO Guides 30 and 35, a certified reference material can only be certified if there is an uncertainty statement with a traceability statement. Basically, traceability means anchoring. In classical analytical chemistry, that SI system is often the best choice as a reference (= anchoring poinf). However, there is a wide range of parameters either defined by a method or defined by the... 

The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a consequence of the stipulation that a quantum particle is a wave packet. The mathematical construction of a wave packet from plane waves of varying wave numbers dictates the relation (1.44). It is not the situation that while the position and the momentum of the particle are well-defined, they cannot be measured simultaneously to any desired degree of accuracy. The position and momentum are, in fact, not simultaneously precisely defined. The more precisely one is defined, the less precisely is the other, in accordance with equation (1.44). This situation is in contrast to classical-mechanical behavior, where both the position and the momentum can, in principle, be specified simultaneously as precisely as one wishes. 

A tradable permit system is defined as quantity-based environmental policy instrument. The regulatory authority stipulates the allowable total amount of emissions (cap) and the right to emit becomes a tradable commodity. Under a cap-and-trade system, prices are allowed to fluctuate according to market forces. Thus, the price of emissions is established indirectly. Permits could be allocated to firms through auction or free allocation. 

Precision is defined as the closeness of agreement between independent test results obtained under stipulated conditions (Fleming et al. [1996b] Prichard et al. [2001]). Precision characterizes the random component of the measurement error and, therefore, it does not relate to the true value. 

Background removal routines typically employ polynomial splines of some order (typically second or third order). These are defined over a series of intervals with the constraint that the function and a stipulated number of derivatives be continuous at the intersection between intervals. In addition, the observed EXAFS oscillations need to be normalized to a single-atom value and this is generally done by normalizing the data to the edge jump. 

We will address aspects of reproducibility, which has previously been defined as, the precision between laboratories . It has also been defined as total between-laboratory precision . This is a measure of the ability of different laboratories to evaluate each other. Reproducibility includes all the measurement errors or variances, including the within-laboratory error. Other terms include precision, defined as the closeness of agreement between independent test results obtained under stipulated conditions [3] and repeatability, or the precision for the same analyst within the same laboratory, or within-laboratory precision . Note that for none of these definitions do we require the true value for an analytical sample . In practice we do not know the true analyte value unless we have created the sample, and then it is only known to a given certainty (i.e., within a determined uncertainty). 

To put the previous statement into perspective it is necessary to stipulate that any macrosystem with well-defined values of its extensive parameters is made up of myriads of individual particles, each of which may be endowed with an unspecified internal energy, within a wide range consistent with all external constraints. The instantaneous distribution of energy among the constituent particles, adding up to the observed macroscopic energy, defines a microstate. It is clear that any given macrostate could arise as the result of untold different microstates. 

Working with Markov chains, confusion is bound to arise if the indices of the Markov matrix are handled without care. As stated lucidly in an excellent elementary textbook devoted to finite mathematics,24 transition probability matrices must obey the constraints of a stochastic matrix. Namely that they have to be square, each element has to be non-negative, and the sum of each column must be unity. In this respect, and in order to conform with standard rules vector-matrix multiplication, it is preferable to interpret the probability / , as the probability of transition from state. v, to state s (this interpretation stipulates the standard Pp format instead of the pTP format, the latter convenient for the alternative 5 —> Sjinterpretation in defining p ), 5,6... 

The PSM Standard requires that the following information be contained within the PSI element-physical data, reactivity data, corrosivity data, thermal and chemical stability data, and hazardous effects of potential inadvertent mixing of different materials. The standard does not specifically define what is to be included in any of these data categories, the level of detail required, or the method of compilation.41 It does, however, stipulate that an MSDS can be used to compile the data to the extent that it contains the information required. In 1996, OSHA issued a Hazard Information Bulletin cautioning that MSDSs do not always contain information about hazards from mixing or blending chemicals (OSHA, 1996). 

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