Layers laminated

The dry-processed, peel-apart system (Fig. 8b) used for negative surprint apphcations (39,44) is analogous to the peel-apart system described for the oveday proofing apphcation (see Fig. 7) except that the photopolymer layer does not contain added colorant. The same steps ate requited to produce the image. The peel-apart system rehes on the adhesion balance that results after each exposure and coversheet removal of the sequentially laminated layer. Each peel step is followed by the apphcation of the appropriate process-colored toners on a tacky adhesive to produce the image from the negative separations. The mechanism of the peel-apart process has been described in a viscoelastic model (45—51) and is shown in Figure 8c. 

In laminated composites, the individual layers of materials are bonded together to form an element or plate. When the constituent materials in each layer are the same, the laminated layers are called a laminate (e.g., plywood, papers, etc.). If the layers are of different constituent materials or of the same material with different reinforcing patterns, the laminate is said to be a hybrid laminate. 

A dispensing bag from a customer s competitor was submitted for a partial deformulation of the film laminate layer structure since this bag was performing in a superior manner to the customer s own product. The goal of the work was to... 

Ingold, K., Gottstein, B. and Hemphill, A. (2000) High molecular mass glycans are major structural elements associated with the laminated layer of in vitro cultivated Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes. International Journal of Parasitology 30, 207-21 4. 

Microfabrication by means of laser radiation covers a wide range of different methods (24,25). On the one hand, these are processes where material is removed in an intense electromagnetic field by melting, evaporation, decomposition, photoablation, or a combination of these phenomena. On the other hand, generating processes exist where structures are built up from liquid resins, laminated layers, or powders using, e.g., photochemically induced crosslinking of organic compounds... 

In some composites, filler and matrix are in direct contact with each other. An example from nature is a sedimentary rock, in which pebbles and small rocks (the filler) are embedded in a sandstone matrix. In many composites, however, there is an intermediary zone—an interphase—between filler and matrix. An example of an interphase is the adhesive that holds filler and matrix together in a laminated (layered) composite. 

Richards, K. S. (1984). Echinococcus granulosus equinus the histochemistry of the laminated layer of the hydatid cyst. Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologia, 22 21-3. 

Richards, K. S. Ilderton, E. Yardley, H. J. (1987). Lipids in the laminated layer of liver, lung and daughter cysts of equine Echinococcus granulosus (Cestoda). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 86B 209-12. 

If manganese nodules are cut and polished (Fig. 8) it can be observed that they are built of a great number of concentric layers around the nucleus. Some of these concentric layers are laminated, and some of them show the structures of dendritic growth. The laminated layers were grown more slowly and the dendritic layers more quickly. The laminated layers are also richer in iron whereas the dendritic layers are richer in mangane . ... 

In good agreement with these observations is the fact that manganese nodules growing on the deep-sea hills (i.e. without supply from the sediment) are built only of laminated layers. The dendritic layers are totally missing in these nodules (Fig- 9). 

This contribution from the sediment obviously changed several times within the time of the growth of the nodule therefore, we can find manganese-rich (dendritic) layers and iron-rich (laminated) layers in turns within one nodule from deep-sea plains. 

Horn horn the Bovidae family is made of hard keratin formed in laminated layers. A horn varies in thickness according to the species and age of the animal. Usually only the tip is solid, while the rest of... 

Note Baleen (see Chapter 12, Aiiscellaneous organics ) and hoof are very similar to horn and have in past times been put to many of the same uses. They are also made of keratin, but are solid. Like horn, hoof also consists of laminated layers of keratin. The structure of baleen is different it consists of very fine tubes of keratin, held together by a coating of the same material. 

Chemically modified cellulose in the form of cellulose nitrate or nitrocellulose was made and tested for commercial applications in Britain in the 1855-1860 period without much success. The discovery by Hyatt, in 1863, that cellulose nitrate could be plasticized with camphor to give moldability to the blend, made this material much more useful. By 1870, celluloid (plasticized cellulose nitrate) was being produced into a variety of commercial products such as billiard balls, decorative boxes, and combs. Nitrocellulose was also soluble in organic solvents, unlike cellulose, and so could be applied to surfaces in solution to form a coating, as in airplane dopes and automobile lacquers. It could also be solution spun into fibers (synthetic silk) and formed into photographic film, or used as a laminating layer in early auto safety glass. It was also used as an explosive. The hazard introduced to many of these uses of nitrocellulose by its extremely flammable nature resulted in an interest to discover other cellulose derivatives that could still be easily formed, like nitrocellulose, but without its extreme fire hazard. 

Figure 9 Archaeological glass, medieval, with enamel-like surface layer optical microscopy of the cross-section, showing parallel laminated layers...

A network of intermediate filaments is often found as a laminating layer adjacent to a cellular membrane, where it provides mechanical support. The best example is the nuclear lamina along the inner surface of the nuclear membrane (see Figure 21-16). This supporting network is composed of lamin A and lamin C filaments cross-linked into an orthogonal lattice, which is attached by lamin B to the inner nuclear membrane through interactions with a lamin B receptor, an IFAP, in the membrane. Like the membrane skeleton of the plasma membrane, the lamin nuclear skeleton not only supports the inner nuclear membrane but also provides sites where nuclear pores and interphase chromosomes attach. Thus, the nuclear lamins organize the nuclear contents from the outside in. 

Fig. 4. X radiograph of vertical sediment section at FOAM. The upper 10-12 cm are characterized by abundant shell debris. A laminated layer at 4 cm is disrupted irregularly by shells and biogenic reworking activity. Parts of two vertical maldanid tubes can be seen in the center at a depth of 8-10 cm. Below 10-12 cm, the sediment begins to become laminated. This laminated zone begins at 8 cm in most x radiographs from FOAM (see Fig. 5). (Scale 3 cm.)...

C. M. Spuckler and R. Siegel, Refractive Index and Scattering Effects on Radiation in a Semitransparent Laminated Layer, AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 8(2), pp. 193-201,1994. 

It is not the purpose of this chapter to describe compatibilization of layers of immiscible polymers in laminates. Strategies similar to those used to compatibilize intimately mixed polymer blends have also been used to prepare stable laminates and, in those cases where a chemical reaction takes place between laminate layers, similar types of chemical reaction have been used. Nevertheless, laminate macroscopic morphology is essentially hxed and formation of stable laminates is better treated as an adhesion problem. 

Figure 5 Pb in corals near Bermuda in annually laminated layers deposited between 1880 and 1997 (Shen and Boyle, 1987).

A scheme of appl3dng an inhibited coating in a polymer melt onto the film base by extrusion lamination [34] is illustrated in Fig. 2.13. A similar procedure is employed at Cortec and Northern Instruments Co. for paper production with a laminated layer of inhibited PE. 

Compression testing is particularly difficult for PMCs due to the occurrence of macro- and microbuckling modes. The rectangular prism specimen in ISO 604 is not suitable for laminated composites, as these will split vertically between the laminate layers when loaded axially in the plane of the laminations. Variations on these designs arc suitable for compression, and tensile testing, in the through-thickness direction (i.e.. direction 3 in Fig. 1),... 

Stacked and folded configurations consist of tens to thousands of DE films stacked together and utilize the reduction in thickness rather than the area expansion of the DE film as the means of actuation. Employing a large number of layers amplifies the displacements. Several configurations have been proposed and tested [254-259]. The simplest device consists of laminated layers of DEs sandwiching compliant electrodes. Several silicone-based actuators have been developed and have demonstrated linear strains in excess of 15%. 

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