Under-specified system

From the standpoint of a military product, system effectiveness is the probabiUty that the system meets successfully an operational demand within a given time when operating under specified conditions. From the standpoint of commercial products, system effectiveness is harder to define, but basically means customer satisfaction. There are several system parameters that are important to the customer. Some of these parameters are defined below. 

Initially, a system s hierarchy is identified for subsystems, sub-subsystems and so on to the components for which data must be found. The top event specifies system failure subsystems required for operation of the system in the mode specified are input to the top event s OR gate. Redundancy is represented by the redundant systems inputting an AND gate. This process of grouping subsystems under OR gates, if they can individually fail a function, or under AND gates if concurrent failures are necessary, is continued to the component or support system level until the tree is completed. This process grades the hierarchy from top to bottom, down the fault tree. 

This has close affinities with definitions of system reliability from a hardware perspective, for example, "the probability of performing a function under specified conditions for a specific period of time" (Zorger, 1966). 

Eutectic deformation The composition within a system of two or more components, which on heating under specified conditions, develops sufficient liquid to cause deformation at the minimum temperature. 

Monomer concentrations Ma a=, ...,m) in a reaction system have no time to alter during the period of formation of every macromolecule so that the propagation of any copolymer chain occurs under fixed external conditions. This permits one to calculate the statistical characteristics of the products of copolymerization under specified values Ma and then to average all these instantaneous characteristics with allowance for the drift of monomer concentrations during the synthesis. Such a two-stage procedure of calculation, where first statistical problems are solved before dealing with dynamic ones, is exclusively predetermined by the very specificity of free-radical copolymerization and does not depend on the kinetic model chosen. The latter gives the explicit dependencies of the instantaneous statistical characteristics on monomers concentrations and the rate constants of the elementary reactions. 

In measurement sciences, calibration is an operation that establish a relationship between an output quantity, qouU with an input quantity, q m for a measuring system under specified conditions (qin qout) The result of calibration is a model that may have the form of a conversion factor, a mathematical equation, or a graph. By means of this model, then it is possible to estimate q -values from measured q0Ut-values (qout qin) as can be seen in an abstracted form in Fig. 6.1. 

Set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values of quantities indicated by a measuring system and the corresponding values of quantities represented by a material both in form of reference materials and samples. In a wider sense, calibration represents a set of operations that establish relationships between quantities in the sample domain with quantities in the signal domain, viz y = f(x) and... 

In view of the ergodic hypothesis the average value of an observable property may be regarded as the quantity measured under specified conditions. In this way the internal energy of a system corresponds to the average energy of the canonical distribution ... 

The basic idea underlying AIMD is to compute the forces acting on the nuclei by use of quantum mechanical DFT-based calculations. In the Car-Parrinello method [10], the electronic degrees of freedom (as described by the Kohn-Sham orbitals y/i(r)) are treated as dynamic classical variables. In this way, electronic-structure calculations are performed on-the-fly as the molecular dynamics trajectory is generated. Car and Parrinello specified system dynamics by postulating a classical Lagrangian ... 

The pressure control system can equilibrate pressure change rates up to 20 bar/s. The outside guard heater can cope with temperature changes up to 100°C/min. A heat loss rate of less than 0.1°C/min can usually be achieved below 350°C and 25 bar [194]. The tests are run with either open or closed test cells in a closed outer bomb, which can be vented under specified conditions. The containment vessel can withstand pressures up to 100 bar. The use of a closed test cell results in the most severe pressure and temperature changes. 

The probability of an adverse effect in an organism, system, or (sub) population caused under specified circumstances by exposure to an agent. 

The computational efficiency of a FF approach also enables simulations of dynamical behavior—molecular dynamics (MD). In MD, the classical equations of motion for a system of N atoms are solved to generate a search in phase space, or trajectory, under specified thermodynamic conditions (e.g., constant temperature or constant pressure). The trajectory provides configurational and momentum information for each atom from which thermodynamic properties such as the free energy, or time-dependent properties such as diffusion coefficients, can be calculated. 

Risk is defmed as the probability of adverse effects in an organism, a population or an ecological system caused under specified conditions by a chemical, physical or biological agent (OECD/IPCS,... 

The flow rate through the pressure relief system under specified conditions. 

Expressible moisture Ability of a protein to retain water upon application of an external force, e.g., centrifugation or pressure, under specified conditions Expressible moisture content (%) = (wt. water released/inilial sample wl.) x 100 Advantages Tests are simple to perform. Disadvantages Sample structure may be destroyed or deformed by the applied force leading to results that do not correlate with a real food system. Kocher and Foegeding (1993) Jaurequi et al. (1981) Lee and Patel (1984)... 

When the stoichiometric coefficients, va, vy, etc., are included in the rate law, as in Equation 3.5, the reaction has a unique rate constant (k) under specified conditions regardless of whether the rate is measured by monitoring the changing concentration of A, B or C. It also follows from Equation 3.5 that (except for zero-order reactions) the instantaneous rate of a reaction changes as the reaction proceeds, as will be illustrated later in Fig. 3.1. Thus, k is the parameter which measures whether the reaction (imprecisely expressed) is fast or slow . In any case, it follows that any property of a reacting system which relates (preferably directly) to the concentration of any component in the chemical reaction maybe monitored to measure the rate and, hence, to investigate the rate law and quantify the rate constant. 

Acid dissociation constants and dissociation constants of complex ions determine the concentrations of species that are present in a solution at equilibrium under specified conditions. Ionic dissociation reactions occur rapidly and tend to remain at equilibrium during an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Since ATP (see Fig. 1.1) is the primary carrier of energy in biochemical systems and since a good deal is known about its binding properties, these properties are considered here in some detail. 

A method for comparing the wetting power of surfactants. It measures the time required for complete wetting of a piece of cloth or skein of yam placed at the surface of a surfactant solution, under specified test conditions. Different systems are compared in terms of their wetting times. See also Wetting. 

Safe havens may be rare on some sites however, many buildings can provide personnel with temporary protection until the incident has been analyzed and a decision made on the need for evacuation. To qualify as a designated temporary safe haven, a building must be reasonably well sealed against air infiltration, with adjustable ventilation systems that can reduce or close off exhaust vents and outside makeup air. Emergency procedures should state how long a building can be considered a safe haven under specified exposure conditions. 

In this method a random number generator is used to move and rotate molecules in a random fashion. If the system is held under specified conditions of temperature, volume and number of molecules, the probability of a particular arrangement of molecules is proportional to exp(-U/kT), where U is the total intermolecular energy of the assembly of molecules and k is the Boltzmann constant. Thus, within the MC scheme the movement of individual molecules is accepted or rejected in accordance with a probability determined by the Boltzmann distribution law. After the generation of a long sequence of moves, the results are averaged to give the equilibrium properties of the model system. 

The metabolic control analysis determines quantitatively the effects of various metabolic pathway reactions on flows and on metabolic concentrations. The analysis defines two coefficients (i) the control coefficients, which characterize the response of the system flows, concentrations, and other variables after parameter perturbations and (ii) the elasticity coefficients, which quantify the changes of reaction rates after perturbations of substrate concentrations or kinetic parameters under specified conditions. 

Under the systems framework, the chemical identity of substances contained in a specified set of consumer preparations (i.e., mixtures) and articles (i.e., finished manufactured products) would be made directly accessible to the general public via the European Chemicals Agency REACH-IT website. 

The so-called laws of Nature are scientific generalizations of regularities observed in the behaviour of a system under specified conditions. Behaviour in this sense implies, almost invariably, the way in which a system of interest develops as a function of time. More basic still, more than law, call it axiom, is the all but universally accepted premise that the outcome of any scientific experiment is independent of its location and orientation in three-dimensional space, provided the experimental conditions can be replicated. A moment s reflection shows that this stipulation defines a symmetry which is equivalent to the conviction that space is both homogeneous and isotropic. The surprising conclusion is that this reproducibility, which must be assumed to enable meaningful experimentation, dictates the nature of possible observations and hence the laws that can be inferred from these observations. The conclusion is father to the thought that each law of Nature is based on an underlying symmetry. 

For most experiments, there seems to be no particular advantage in restricting the changes in system variables so that system performances can always be compared at equal values of power input in many cases there is not a clear relation between power input and performance. The major controllable variables are such factors as impeller and vessel diameter, and impeller speed it is the relation between these and system performance which must be discovered. Eventually, the power requirement becomes a factor in the usual engineering balance of cost versus level of performance. The experience of manufacturers of mixing equipment can be helpful when it is desired to know the power requirements for a system operating under specified conditions of size, impeller speed, etc. 

The direct proportionality between absorbance and concentration for a fixed path length must be established experimentally for a given instrument under specified set of conditions. If this relationship is linear within the specified range of concentrations, the system is said to obey Beer s law. Departure from this direct proportionality arises from both instrumental and chemical reasons. 

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