Starch, production volume

The paper industry constitutes the largest single industrial market for starch in the world. If the world production of paper is about 235 MM tons, starch production for paper may be estimated at about 3 MM tons. This recognizes that large volume items such as newsprint and tissue are essentially non-starch users. 

When production volume is sufficient, it is economical to build one plant for one product. Batch production in a single unit may be limited by maximum reactor size. Holdups of greater than 20,000 gal are handled in separate parallel reactors. To use common upstream and downstream facilities, the reactors may not be operated simultaneously but on overlapping schedules. When long reaction times cannot be avoided, the reaction sections operate batch wise however, feeding reactants and recovering products may be continuous for economic reasons. This practice is typical of many processes, such as the saponification of natural fats in intermediate quantities. In the production of ethanol by fermentation, two reactions (saccharification and fermentation) are operated on a batch basis, while hydrolysis (conversion of starch to dextrin) and product recovery by distillation are continuous. 

Note The treatment outlined above is satisfactory for starch products that are insoluble in cold water. For pregelatinized starch and other water-soluble starches, prepare a 1% to 2% aqueous paste, place it in a cellophane tube, and dialyze against running distilled water for 30 h to 40 h. Precipitate the starch by pouring the solution into 4 volumes of acetone per volume of paste while stirring. Recover the starch by vacuum filtration in a medium-porosity fritted-glass or Buchner funnel, and wash the filter cake with absolute ethanol. Dry the filter cake, and determine the amount of dry substance as directed for water-insoluble starches. 

In 2003, the average price of starch blends was around 3.0-5.0 per kg. In 2005, the average price range of starch blends was down to 1.5-3.5 per kg. PLA is now being sold at prices between 1.37-2.75 per kg compared to a price range of 3.0-3.5 per kg three years ago, and is now almost price competitive with PET. The average cost of an aliphatic aromatic co-polyester has fallen from 3.5-4.0 per kg in 2003 to 2.75-3.65 per kg in 2005. Prices are expected to fall further for all biodegradable polymer types over time as production volumes increase and unit costs fall. 

At present succinic acid is a specialty chemical with an annual production volume of about 30 000 tons worldwide. Fossil-based succinic acid is most commonly prepared via hydrogenation of maleic anhydride (by oxidation of n-butane or benzene) [73]. In the field of bio-based chemicals and building blocks succinic acid is considered to be one of the most important platform chemicals [1, 74, 75], and as a result of the introduction of biosuccinic acid the production volume is expected to double or triple within years. Several fermentation processes have been described to produce bio-based succinic acid. Common feedstocks for these processes include glucose, starch and xylose [76]. The commercial potential for bio-succinic acid is illustrated by the numerous initiatives by companies that are working towards, or already... 

The phase transition from disordered states of polymer melt or solutions to ordered crystals is called crystallization-, while the opposite process is called melting. Nowadays, more than two thirds of the global product volumes of synthetic polymer materials are crystallizable, mainly constituted by those large species, such as high density polyethylene (HOPE), isotactic polypropylene (iPP), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), PET and Nylon. Natural polymers such as cellulose, starch, silks and chitins are also semi-crystalUne materials. The crystalline state of polymers provides the necessary mechanical strength to the materials, and thus in nature it not only props up the towering trees, but also protects fragile lives. Therefore, polymer crystallization is a physical process of phase transition with important practical relevance. It controls the assembly of ordered crystalline structures from polymer chains, which determines the basic physical properties of crystalline polymer materials. 

The global starch production in 2010 was of more than 70 Mio mto of primary starch, of this, historically 32% are dry, native and modified starches and 68% are refined liquid starches. °° Global starch consumption is projected to reach 133.5 Mio mto by the year 2018, driven primarily by the diversity and sheer number of end-use applications in both food and nonfood industries, including native and modified starches, but also the large volume of starch that is converted into syrups for direct use as glucose and... 

Starch, an inexpensive agricultural resource, is industrially produced with a volume of almost 7 million ton/year in Europe. Nearly 50% of the starch produced is already used for non-food applications and about 30% of the starch production is industrially precipitated from aqueous solutions because of its very good film-forming properties (Ldrcks, 1998). 

Fine grinding and air classification make possible the production of some cake flour from hard wheat and some bread flour or high-protein fractions from soft wheat. AppHcation of the process theoretically frees the miller from dependence on different wheats, either hard or soft, that change each crop year. The problem is how to market the larger volume of low protein or starch fractions at prices adequate to justify the installation and operation of the special equipment (46). 

Binders. Paper-coating biaders are either polymers derived from aatural sources or syathetic polymers. The largest volume, aaturally derived biader is starch (qv) (99). Starch is provided ia derivatized form or unmodified form pead com starch is used predomiaanfly for the latter. Unmodified starch is solubilized by thermal conversion or enzyme conversion. The most common derivatized products are acetylated [9045-28-7] oxidized, and hydroxyethylated starches. 

The fermentation industry is based almost exclusively on renewable materials in the form of molasses, starch, etc. Most products are of very high value and relatively low volume such as antibiotics (qv) (23). 

Growth can be defined as the production of organic matter by increase in size or volume. This process involves the uptake of water, carbon dioxide and minerals. In plants, growth is made possible by the process of photosynthesis, which produces the sugars (as primary components) from which compounds such as starch, cellulose, amino acids and proteins are derived. 

Raidl and Klein (43) substituted 5, 10, and 15% field pea flour in chemically leavened quick bread. The viscosity of the pea flour batters was significantly lower than either the wheat control or soy containing batters. The starch composition of the pea flour and lower water absorption properties of the protein could have affected the viscosity. Volumes of pea flour loaves were lower than the control and soy loaves. Most of the sensory characteristics of the field pea loaves were similar to those of the control quick breads. However, all flavor scores were significantly lower for pea flour products, since they had a recognizably beany or off-flavor. 

Microorganisms have also been developed to produce alternative products, such as lactic acid [65], propane-1,3-diol [67], 3-hydroxypropionic acid [68], butane-2,3-diol [69] and numerous other intermediates. For instance, bacteria such as the Clostridium acetobutylicum ferment free sugars to C4 oxygenates such as butyric acid or butanol. They form the C4 oxygenates by Aldol condensation of the acetaldehyde intermediates. The Weizmann process exploits this property to ferment starch feedstock anaerobically at 37 °C to produce a mixture of w-butanol, acetone and ethanol in a volume ratio of 70 25 5 [3],... 

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