Separation parallel

It was not certain that the aquation product would be identical in spectrum to that obtained by thermal reaction, and analysis was therefore carried out chromatographically, rather than spectrophotometrically. The procedure was that described by Woldbye, highly standardized to ensure maximum reproducibility. Parallel separations were carried out on unirradiated solutions, and the chromatographic yields of the cis and trans were in some cases determined by using Cr5i... 

Deng, Y., Zeng, H., Unger, S. E., and Wu, J. T. (2001). Multiple-sprayer tandem mass spectrometry with parallel high flow extraction and parallel separation for high-throughput quantitation in biological fluids. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 15 1634-1640. 

Parallel-plate hemodialyzers using flat membranes, with several compartments in parallel, separated by plastic plates, are now only available from Hospal Co (Crystal and Hemospal models). Blood circulates between two membranes and the dialysate between the other side of membrane and the plastic plate. These parallel-plate dialyzers have a smaller blood-pressure drop than hollow-fiber ones and require less anticoagulants as flat channels are less exposed to thrombus formation than fibers, but they are heavier and bulkier and thus less popular. A recent survey of the state-of-the-art in hemodialyzers is given in [13]. 

Table P.8.c. Two rectangular solids, length a, width b, height c, parallel, separated by a distance l normal to the a,b plane, Hamaker limit...

To cope with the high number of RP-HPLC runs required to analyze fractions in the two-dimensional LC-MS approach, multiplexed LC-separation and spotting for LC-MALDI analyses was applied very early. In quantitative analysis of differential protein expression by ICAT technology, total analysis time could be significantly reduced with four parallel separation lines (Lee et al. 2002). Prerequisite is of course... 

Kirchner s book 1127 gave an overview on the TLC of antihistamines, and Boonen 1128] also dealt with the separation of various antihistamines using plain silica and a mixture of ethanol/acetic acid/water (5 3 2). Recent experiments used metal ion impregnated silica layers to improve the separation of antihistamines 1129-1311. Antihistamines are easily visualised by iodine vapour. Separation of seven antihistamines on plain silica as well as metal ion impregnated silica with a benzene/butanol/acetic acid/water (7 8 5 2) mixture is shown in Table 10.18. Metal ion impregnation improved the separation of these antihistamines, especially when two or more stationary phases were used for parallel separations. 

The cohesive zone approach to fracture mechanics reduces the fracture resistance properties of a material to a traction-separation law. This Taw relates, o, the normal cohesive stress which resists the parallel separation of two internal planes which were initially very close together, to the current increase r] in their separation. The fracture resistance (and hence the fracture toughness K,.) is simply given by the area under the o,. ri) curve up to 6,.. The simplest form of traction separation law assumes 0 (77) to be constant up to a critical maximum separation 4. and this was developed analytically into a fracture model by Dugdale... 

WSACs can be designed to simultaneously cool several process streams in parallel separate tube bundles within a single cell of a... 

Stage. The element of a cascade will be named "stage" and the stage itself might contain several separation units connected in series and/or in parallel. Separation units are considered part of a stage as long as they are connected only at the feed and/or retentate side ... 

Gas diffusion from a donor stream—in which the analyte chemically is converted to a volatile species—into an acceptor stream, where the two streams run in parallel separated by a suitable gas-permeable membrane, is a highly selective technique particularly well suited for adaptation into FI A, because in nonsegmented streams the diffusion unit can be made extremely small and the flow rates may be considerably reduced. Although in the first FI A gas-diffusion method, developed by Baadenhuijsen and Seuren-Jacobs [57] for the determination of carbon dioxide in plasma, a nonporous dimethyl silicone rubber membrane was used, hydrophobic microporous membranes such as Teflon or isotactic polypropylene have proven to be more versatile diffusion barriers, since they can be used for a greater variety of gases. 

Each method of fractionation requires different operating techniques and different equipment types, sizes and configurations. Two-stage extraction requires longer total extraction cycles, and possibly, parallel separator vessels to collect each fraction Individually, and/or addition of humidification vessels. Multiple stage separation requires additional separator vessels with required heaters and pressure controls. In all three cases, the products can be used as separate fractions, or In various combinations to suit the user needs and marketplace considerations. Choice of fractionation and standardization methods for a commercial-scale SCFCO2 plant Is dependent on results of the economic evaluation of all technically feasible process design alternatives. 

Xu, H. et al. Parallel separations of oligonucleotides with optically gated sample introduction on multichannel microchips. J. Sep. Scl 27, 7, 2004. 

An effort to demonstrate the possibility of upscaling the throughput was presented by Jonsson et al. Eight parallel separation channels, 350 tim wide and 125 p,m deep each, were connected in... 

In Chapter 4, we developed the notion that individual resonant filters can be used to model each vibrational mode of a system excited by an impulse. Thus, modal synthesis is a form of subtractive synthesis. For modeling the gross peaks in a spectrum, which could correspond to resonances (although these resonances are weaker than the sinusoidal modes we talked about in Chapter 4), we can exploit the resonance-factored form of a filter to perform our subtractive synthesis. The benefits of this are that we can control the resonances (and thus, spectral shape) independently. The filter can be implemented in series or cascade (chain of convolutions) as shown in Figure 8.4. The filter can also be implemented in parallel (separate subband sections of the spectrum added together), as shown in Figure 8.5. 

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