Staphylococcus aureus 5. epidermidis

Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus Micrococci Diphtheroids... 

MRSA, methici 11in-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSE, methici llin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Adapted, with permission. 

Streptococcus pneumoniae Penicillin susceptible Penicillin intermediate Penicillin resistant Group B Streptococcus Staphylococcus aureus Methicillin susceptible Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Listeria monocytogenes... 

Joint replacement S. aureus, S. epidermidis Cefazolin 1 gx 1 preoperatively, then every 8 hours x 2 more doses Vancomycin reserved for penicillin-allergic patients or where institutional prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus warrants use IA... 

It has repeatedly been shown that penicillin and tetracyclines retain their growth-promoting activity when used in the same agricultural surroundings for periods of 30 years or longer. Furthermore, tetracyclines continue to be effective in the treatment of both human and animal diseases. Atkinson and Lorian (19) found that coli. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staph, epidermidis showed "virtually the same susceptibilities" to tetracycline in 242 US hospitals, 1971 to 1982. 

Trimethoprim has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. It is 20-100 times more active than sulfamethoxazole with respect to most bacterial forms. Trimethoprim is active with respect to Gram-positive, aerobic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and various types of Streptococcus and Listeria monocytogenes. Trimethoprim is inferior to sulfonamides against forms of Nocardia. It is active... 

The majority of sepsis cases, especially the more severe forms, have bacterial etiologies. Common bacterial species include Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli. Salmonella typhi (and other enterobacterial species). Pseudomonas species and haemolytic streptococci in children Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis are important whereas nosocomial episodes of sepsis are frequently caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Streptococcus faecalis (syn. enterococci), yeasts and anaerobes. 

Bacterial colonization of lower respiratory tract. Cigarette smoke, administered for 3 days before and after intratracheal instillation of bacterial suspension containing six bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus influenza, Peptostreptococcus spp.) to male Wistar albino rats with or without vitamin E supplements (100 mg/kg/day), signifi-... 

Anti-amoebic activity. Ethanol (80%) extract of the dried rhizome was inactive on Entamoeba histolytica, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) greater than 1 mg/ mL The extract, administered intragas-trically to male hamsters at a dose of 800 mg/kg, was active vs experimentally induced hepatic amebiasis . A dose of 250 mg/kg, administered intragastrically to rats on days 1-5, produced weak activity and a dose of 500 mg/kg was active " ". Anti-atherosclerotic activity. Ethanol (50%) extract of the dried rhizome, administered intragastrically to male rabbits at a dose of 500 mg/kg, reduced atherogenic index from 4.7 to 1.2 on the aorta . Antibacterial activity. Decoction of the dried entire plant, on agar plate, was inactive on Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis MIC 125 mg/mL. Bacillus subtilis, Bordetella... 

Some of the prenylated and lavandulylated flavanones from S. flavescens, kushenols P-S, exhibited significant antibacterial activities against the Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis. Bacillus subtilis, and Propionibacterium acnes. They also exhibited antiandrogenic activities. Kurarinone (114), 2 -(9-methylkurarinone (115), and the known sophoraflavanone G and leachianone A from the roots of S, flavescens, which all have 8-lavandulyl substitution and 2, 4 -di-(9-substitution of the B-ring, exhibited cytotoxic activity... 

Altematamides A-C (92-94), bromotryptamine peptides from the Atlantic bryozoan Amathia alternata, show modest antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis,... 

Use of contact lenses increases the risk of corneal infection. The most common pathogens that cause eye infection are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. pneumoniae. Fungi rarely cause eye infections. Commonly used disinfectants are benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine. 

Staphylococcus aureus Lactobacillus plantarum Pseudopleuronectes americanus Corynespora cassiicola Ecballium elaterium Staphylococcus epidermidis Helianthus annuus... 

Percutaneous CV catheters 4-12 Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus... 

Vascular graft 1.5 Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus Gram negative bacteria... 

Lemmen SW, et al. Comparison ofthe bactericidal activity of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Chemotherapy, 2003, 49, 33-35. 

Reeder and Eckstedt389 studied the interaction of con A with teichoic acids from Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis by gel diffusion, and precipitation in a fluid system. The teichoic acid from strain Tj of S. epidermidis contains a-D-glucopyranosyl residues, and it precipitated with con A, whereas strain T2, which is /3-D-glucosylated, did not. Classical precipitin curves resulted when con A interacted with strains T2 and 412 (also a-D-glucosylated) the precipitation was specifically inhibited by D-glucose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, and methyl a- and /3-D-glucopyranosides.389... 

Gram-positive spherical bacteria (cocci) arranged in clusters are staphylococci. Staphylococcus epidermidis is foimd normally on the skin and mucous membranes in high numbers. However, it can cause an infection if an opportunity such as a skin abrasion occms. Staphylococcus aureus is also found on the skin and mucous membranes but in lower numbers than S. epidermidis. It is a much more virulent pathogen and usually causes more serious disease. About half the ocular infections that occur are caused by staphylococci. 

Methicillin Staphcillin IV, IM Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis... 

A major mechanism of acquired resistance to the penicillins is bacterial production of enzymes called P-lactamases. These enzymes hydrolyze the penicillin P lactam ring that is necessary for its activity. p-Lactamases with a strong proclivity for penicillins are called penicillinases. Because most strains of Staphylococcus aureus and many strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis produce penicillinase, penicillins G andV are not effective against these gram-positive bacteria. 

PenicBlins Resistant to Pemditnase. Modification of the penicillin structure produced a group of drugs including methicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin that are not susceptible to staphylococcal penicillinase. Their appropriate use is in the treatment of infections caused by strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis that produce penicillinase. These include most strains isolated from hospital settings and the general commimity. 

Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae have been isolated from ocular infections. Therefore treatment of ocular infections caused by these organisms might require use of vancomycin for resolution. Vancomycin is also recommended for empiric intra-vitreal and topical therapy in bacterial endophthalmitis and for parenteral therapy in moderate to severe preseptal cellulitis (see Table 11-1). 

Sotozono C, Inagaki K, Fujita A, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis infections in the cornea. Cornea 2002 21 S94-S101. 

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