Standards normative references

Figu re 2.33 Procedural test standards (normative references) [281]... 

Though a standard norm or absolute reference value is not available for comparison in any of the international standard specifications and the technical and research publications with respect to the chemical resistance properties of rubber, liquid immersion tests certainly provide relative and useful data with which the suitability of anticorrosive rubber lining compounds can be assessed with a fair degree of accuracy. For this reason manufacturers and applicators of rubber lining resort to tests under simulated conditions instead of accelerated ageing immersion or swelling tests. 

Results of analytical measurements are a kind of a product of the chemical analyst s work. Both manufactured products (object of analysis) and analytical results must be of an appropriate quality. In addition, the quality of analytical measurements appears to have its own accumulative requirement the quality of every product is a result of comparison of the obtained value (anal3dical result) with the reference value (expected, standard, norm, required). In order for the obtained result to be comparable (authoritative, reliable) to the reference value, its (high) quality must be documented and maintained. The quality of analytical results must be assured in the first place before drawing conclusions about the quality of the examined products. 

A related question of relevance, particularly to tests of achievement such as the so-called intelligence tests, is standardization. This refers to the population from which the normative scores for the test were collected. This issue is often raised in the interpretation of intelligence tests for populations that are culturally and... 

As mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, uniform testing procedures provide the methods used to control the quality of down and feather products. By using standardized terms to reflect the quality of down and feather products on the product label, the consumer can be confident that a pillow labeled 100% goose down, is what it is claimed to be. In Europe, for instance, the Emopean Norm (EN) is standard. In reference to product labeling, the following norms are applied ... 

Written standards (norms) represent a way of defining and promoting requirements of quality of products and for improving comparability of analytical results. Written standards are also a first step for the introduction into regulatory systems of these minimal requirements of quality and comparability. Often, regulations at the legal or commercial level refer to standards for the implementation of the regulation. In the... 

Some men with osteoporosis possess clearly identifiable risk factors. In others, further investigation for secondary canses is warranted (see above patient assessment section). Men 70 years and older should have DXA tests to screen for osteoporosis. DXA standards state T-scores shonld be compared with a white male normative reference database, regardless of ethnicity. BMD determination shonld also be considered for men with a low-tranma fracture, prevalent vertebral deformity, glucocorticoid use, hypogonadism, alcoholism, or poor overall health. Measmement of serum free or total testosterone can also determine if hypogonadism is contributing to bone loss. 

The widespread adoption of purpose- or systems-based regulations contributes to the proeesses of delegation and the accompanying call for accountability structures. Broad-brush formulations of basic obligations implies a mixture of legal and non-legal (soft law) norms, referring also to (self-imposed) professional codes of eonduet, industrial standards and company-speeifie rules and systems of implementation. 

The normative part of an analytical standard method in ISO includes at least the following clauses scope, normative references, interferences, principle, essential minimum requirements, reagents, apparatus, quality requirements for the separator column, sampling and sample pretreatment, procedure, calculation, expression of results, and test report. 

When selecting standards it is sometimes thought that one standard is easier to comply with than anoflier. At first reading, this may appear true, however, the user should refer to the list of normative references as these become part of the standard and can be quite numerous. Any claim of compliance with a standard includes the normative references. 

Now, in the following clauses, various standards pertinent to different PHAs shall be discussed in brief. Mostly lEC standards wiU be covered. Each of these standards contains scope, normative references, terms, definitions, and abbreviations. These are not individually mentioned in the discussions while narrating the mtgor headings of a particular standard. For these, the reader is advised to refer to the corresponding standard. 

This standard can be found as a normative reference in the superordinate DIN EN 13432. It defines terminology used in the field of packaging and environment, e.g.,... 

Here, the norm refers to document and change management, application of necessary norms and standards, methods, output/work results and the regulation of responsibility (clearance), which is mentioned in ISO 26262 as QM-methods. 

As it is the intention of the authors that the Manual can be used all over the world on land reclamation projects by hydraulic filling it will not necessarily adhere to (local) standards, norms and/or Codes of Practice. When considered to be relevant references to such documents will be made, but this will be limited to generally accepted and often used systems like the American Standards, the British Standards and/or the European Codes. It may nevertheless be important to be fully informed about the local codes and standards as they may form part of the jurisdiction of the country in which the project has to be realized. 

In the railway sector, the normative reference is composed of standards ... 

HPLC analysis of TAGs was applied to olive oils and a limit for LLL was established at 0.5% of the total TAGs and enclosed in the European Commission (EC) Regulation on olive oils, as well as in the related international norms (International Olive Oil Trade Norm [2], Codex Alimentarius Standard [3]). The method performed the separation by RP-HPLC on a C18 Lichrosorb or Lichrosphere column, 25x0.46 cm, 5 J,m of particle size, isocratic elution with acetone/acetonitrile (50/50 v/v) and RI detection. Eigure 19.1 reproduced the HPLC traces annexed to the official method [4] chromatogram A refers to 100% soybean oil, B to a mixture 50/50 soybean and olive, C 100% olive oil. 

A detailed overview on references for sampling by HANNAPPEL [1994] contains not only references for general, statistical, and detailed aspects, but also for norms of the International Organization of Standardization in Geneva. 

This suggested to CENAM the development of activities for the establishment of traceable chemical measurements in Mexico in two stages the first step from 1992 to 1997 [2] corresponded to the period of development of infrastructure and human resources of CENAM, which was possible thanks to the collaboration of other NMIs involved in developing reference materials and their later certification and the second period, from 1998 to 2002, in which a limited number of certified reference materials (CRM) were developed and certified for industrial application as well as to meet normative requirements, and also some of the primary methods of measurement were declared as national standards in a Federal Register, known as DOF. 

Comparability is a key property of chemical measurements. While results can be compared directly under repeatability conditions, a more general approach is needed to provide meaningful comparison to results of other measurements made at different times and places. This comparability over space-and-time is routinely achieved by linking the individual measurement results to some common, stable reference or measurement standard. Results are therefore correlated to that reference. This strategy of linking results to a reference is termed traceability [1,2], Traceability is a key property in metrology, and for this reason the traceability of results is even explicitly demanded in the international norm ISO 17025 [3]. 

Assessing the contribution of each reference value to the total uncertainty, or, if appropriate, complying with the equipment, calibration, and control requirements of the standard method (norm) in use... 

Based in France and sometimes referred to as the Norme Franchise, AFNOR covers a wide range of services and goods with 17 major standardization programmes (GPNs). Each programme is piloted by a strategic orientation committee (COS) that is responsible for defining priorities, activities and cooperation within that area. 

Although the system of equations (2.3) is simple enough to handle directly, we pause here to introduce some mathematical material that will be important in the remainder of the book. The reader who is not interested in mathematical tidiness may just note the definitions and go on to the next section. [CL] and [H2] are standard references for the material presented here. The focus throughout the book will be on the dynamical systems point of view. Dynamical systems are used primarily as a language, not because we need many deep results from that subject. The language, however, does seem natural for the problems considered. The dynamical system will be defined in terms of R", but the natural (and most efficient) formulation is that of a metric space. In a later chapter we will use the space C[0,1], the space of continuous functions on the interval [0,1] with the usual sup norm, and the definition will be expanded at that time. 

It is reasonably certain that the above value does refer to The calibration is with respect to values measured in the gas phase or calculated where adherence to the standard conventions has been the norm. 

One cannot fail to note the vast expansion of the collection in the last few decades. Surely this was not fueled by additional biologic assays. Underlying the initial growth phase was the widespread utilization of spectrophotometry for identification and assay. Separation science was the second phase in pharmaceutical industry control laboratories. As a corollary, USP and NF method selection moved in the same direction. Spectrophotometric identity tests and assays are more reliable, especially for compliance testing, when performed in the relative mode, which uses a reference standard, rather than the absolute mode, which is the norm in titrimetry. There is some residual difference of opinion in other countries on this point, but that is rendered moot by the widespread adoption of separation science by the pharmaceutical industry and, thus, by the compendia. It is a characteristic of chromatographic methods that a reference standard be required, sometimes more than one for a procedure. The accumulation of modern tests and assays results in 5 to 10 uses for many reference standards. 

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