Problems to be considered

There are many technical problems to be considered when developing a new commercial and viable filter. However, the filtration hardware in itself is not enough, as the control of a continuous pressure filter is much more difficult than that of its equivalents in vacuum filtration the necessary development may also include an automatic, computerized control system. This moves pressure filtration from low to medium or even high technology. Disk Filters. 

There are problems to be considered and avoided when using Hquid-in-glass thermometers. One type of these is pressure errors. The change in height of the mercury column is a function of the volume of the bulb compared to the volume of the capillary. An external pressure (positive or negative) which tends to alter the bulb volume causes an error of indication, which may be small for normal barometric pressure variations but large when, for example, using the thermometer in an autoclave or pressure vessel. 

Although the table is outside the scope of most industrial ventilating engineering requirements, it does indicate the many problems to be considered in the measurement techniques. 

The area of racemic switches where a single enantiomer is developed subsequently to a corresponding racemate which is already on the market has attracted much interest [7, 8]. A description of the preclinical and clinical development of dexketoprofen provides a detailed example of one of these racemic switches [21]. The regulations in Europe and the US both allow for the development of a single enantiomer from a racemate by the use of bridging studies between the old and new applications. One problem to be considered is how a company which was not responsible for the original development can provide equivalent data. 

In mixing, there are two types of problems to be considered — how to design and select mixing equipment for a given duty, and how to assess whether a mixer is suitable for a particular application. In both cases, the following aspects of the mixing process should be understood ... 

Besides this problem of designing conformationally restricted analogs for highly specific enzymes, there are Other problems to be considered in dealing with less specific enzymes. These are discussed later in the section on locked a-chymotrypsin substrates. 

The first of the open-ended problems to be considered is nuclear weapons proliferation, in the context of its relation to commercial nuclear power. There is a connection, because a country with an active nuclear power program has a head start, in terms of equipment and technically trained people, should it decide to embark upon a weapons program. This has been a live issue in the case of han.5... 

The problem to be considered now is how to tear effectively a system of such units, units interconnected by material (and probably energy) flows. We assume that the input-output relationships are known for each unit, and that outputs must be calculated from the inputs. Each physical flow corresponds to several variables, and the criterion for tearing will be to minimize the number of variables that must be assumed to solve the torn system, i.e., to have the minimum number of variables associated with the total of the torn streams. 

Accident analysis during melt-down of a nuclear reactor. The problem to be considered here is the erosion of concrete by liquid material during a melt-... 

Despite these strengths, ICP-MS has also some important drawbacks, many of them related to the spectral isotopic and/or chemical interferences, which affect analyte signal intensities and, therefore, the applicability of the technique. The complexity of the optimisation of the methodological and operating conditions, the differences in the ionisation rates of the various elements, the sequential isotopic measurements and the limited speed of signal acquisition (a serious drawback in multielemental analysis of fast transient signals) are some other problems to be considered. 

The present authors believe that there are also problems to be considered when forces are transferred to a polymer crystal in directions parallel to the chains for the following reasons. In reality forces are transferred from atom to atom, primarily along the chains, not between chains. 

The final example problem to be considered is the electrode diffusion model shown in Section 9.4.4. This model was used to assess the effect of an oscillating load on the diffusion of reactants in an anode electrode. Depending on the power elec-... 

What recommendations would you make to the process manager Are there other potential problems to be considered ... 

During the preform-heating part of the cycle, the main problems to be considered are heat transfer and flow (or elastic deformation) of the compressed particulate matter. Referring to Fig. 13.45, the heat transfer problem can be described with the following form of the energy equation ... 

In this section, the application of equilibrium theory is illustrated for a fairly complex multireaction system. The problem to be considered is that of the separation of binaphthol enantiomers through using achiral chromatography. This problem was studied by Baciocchi et al. [1] among others, who in particular made the following experimental observations. When a pulse with a racemic composition of enantiomers was injected on to the column, no separation occurred. However in all cases... 

There are two distinct problems to be considered regarding the genetic code the replication of DNA and the synthesis of RNA, on one hand, and the synthesis of proteins, on the other. Numerous contributions have been made towards the solution of these problems. Being concerned here with the quantum mechanical aspects, it is not possible to review them, but special mention should be made to the work13 carried out by the groups of Crick, Khorana, Nirenberg, and Ochoa. 

In chemoenzymatic synthesis, the glycosylamino acids are obtained by enzymic glycosylation and used as building blocks in combinatorial libraries creation [15]. This latter technology requires, first, the solution and implementation of several technical problems to be considered a general method-like chemical approach. Use of enzymatic methods can avoid some regio- and... 

The composition and properties of cocoa butter have been summarized (Chalseri and Dimick, 1987) and extensive details of the composition of cocoa butter and CBA fats have been compiled (Wong Soon, 1991 Lipp and Anklam, 1998a Lipp et al., 2001). There are serious problems to be considered when applying sets of historical and some contemporary data to the determination of fat authenticity, particularly where this involves the widely used sterol, triacyl-glycerol and fatty acid data. Improvements in the resolution of chromatography... 

So far, I have described only the class of materials and problems to be considered, without providing any insight into the challenges and opportunities that should be the focus of future research. 

There is, moreover, another problem to be considered, assuming the above equilibrium, which is the question of what differences in structural features might permit an equilibrium to exist for a-lactalbumin, while it does not exist for lysozyme. More work is needed to elaborate on this question. 

Another critical factor can be, in fact, the size of the sample. The flow rates used in this technique are usually very low, between 1 and 10 /Al/min, and recently ultraslow flow rates (less than 0.3 /il/min) [68] have also been proposed in order to increase the recovery of a selected analyte. This approach results in very small sample volumes (a few microlitres) often with a very low analyte concentration. At this level, evaporation is also a problem to be considered. To obtain larger samples, both the collection time and/or the flow rate can be increased, but in this case, the temporal resolution and the recovery will also decrease. The analytical techniques used in the analysis of the dialysate hence have to be adequate for these volumes and concentrations, and very sensitive detection systems have been developed. 

One potential problem to be considered in dealing with this type of matrix is that derived from the salt content and the potential presence of humic material. In fact, a high salt content considerably hinders freeze-drying also, humic acid complexes are structurally altered — and often rendered either insoluble or difficult to dissolve — upon freeze-drying, which makes reconstituting the sample especially difficult [68]. 

Q.29.1 We recognize that each level of exploration carries a cost vs. benefit problem. Perhaps this is best called the forest or trees conflict. With greater visualization of detail there is a loss of knowledge of the overall organization of the system. This is a common problem in microscopy. What are the problems to be considered in histochemical analysis or the use of fluorescent probes. What is gained and what is lost with each of these observational levels. Is one level better than any other ... 

The problem to be considered now is one of exchange adsorption with uniform partial presaturation (VS). The initial solid-phase and entering fluid-phase concentrations are each to be uniform (independent of position or time, respectively), but may each involve any desired proportion of each of the two components A and B. 

To do this, let us consider a function, say, T(x e), that depends on spatial position and on a dimensionless parameter s that we may assume to be arbitrarily small. In the context of problems to be considered in this text, this function will usually be defined by a DE and boundary conditions, and the parameter e then appears as a dimensionless parameter in either the equation or boundary conditions. We suppose, for purpose of discussion, that T has an asymptotic expansion for small s. The general form of such an expansion is... 

In the epoxidation of racemic secondary alcohols, there are two stereochemical problems to be considered (i) differentiation of enantiomers (kinetic resolution) and (ii) diastereoface selection in epoxidation. 

The spectral characteristics of the 612 monolayer indicate that the molecules are colliding much less frequently, and the apparent lack of hyperfine collapse indicates that the time between effective collisions is long on the ESR time scale. The problem to be considered, then, is how two systems can show such similar classical surface behavior and such dissimilar motional behavior. 

There is another and even more serious problem to be considered. All living things in such a target area would inhale the aerosol. This would involve a variety of animals and birds, both domestic and wild. There might be some very serious consequences from this, in that new enzootic foci of disease might be established—for example, an aerosol of the plague bacillus might seek out rats in their burrows or squirrels in their dens. 

In the last two chapters, relatively simple linear problems of mass and heat transfer were discussed. However, no processes of mass transfer complicated by surface (heterogeneous) or volume (homogeneous) chemical reactions with finite rates have been considered so far. Moreover, it was assumed that the basic parameters of the fluid are temperature- and concentration-independent. This assumption permitted the hydrodynamic part of the problem to be solved first and then the linear thermal or diffusion problem to be considered for a known velocity field. 

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