Professional codes

A professional code of conduct serves several purposes to allow a profession to regulate itself to state the agreed-upon values of a profession to make... 

Webster s Dictionary defines a standard as something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example and states that standard applies to any definite rule, principle, or measure established by authority (standards of behavior) (Webster s, 2003). From a contemporary managerial perspective, standards of conduct for a pharmacist and for the operation of a pharmacy are derived both from laws and from professional standards or values. Standards for professional conduct and the operation of a pharmacy, whether stated formally in statutes and regulations or present in professional codes of ethics, are important for managers to understand and apply. Violations of these standards can affect the licensure status of a pharmacy practice site and/or its pharmacists, may result in litigation if a patient is harmed subsequent to a violation, and in the most serious cases can result in criminal prosecution. Both criminal prosecution and civil liability resulted in the case of Robert Courtney, the pharmacist discussed in the scenario. Courtney was sentenced to 30 years in prison, fined 25,000, and ordered to pay 10.4 million in restitution to the patients and families affected. These penalties were in addition to the civil judgment of 2.2 billion (Stafford, 2002). 

Nurses ethical obligations come from many different sources, but one formal source is the professional code of ethics. The American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics for Nurses (see Table 6.1) proscribes the ethical obligations of nurses, is nonnegotiable in nature, and expresses the profession s commitment to society (ANA, 2001). Nurses can also turn to the broader field of bioethics for additional resources. 

The American Herbalists Guild was founded in 1989 by 30 prominent American herbalists. The guild is the only organization in the United States that represents clinical or medical herbalists. Professional membership is by peer review. Members adhere to a professional code of conduct and represent some of the finest herbal practitioners in this country. The Guild also publishes a journal. The Herbalist. 

E.-H. W. Kluge. 2000. Professional codes for electronic HC record protection Ethical, legal, economic and structural issues. International Journal of Medical Informatics 60 85-96. 

Davis, M. 1987. The Moral Authority of a Professional Code. In Pennock, J.R. and Chapman, J.W. (eds.), Authority Revisited, Nomos XXIX. New York and London New York University Press. 

Working at all times within clinical competence and professional code of conduct... 

In la province de Quebec, the governing association is known as L Ordre des Ingenieurs du Quebec. It is one of 24 professions that are subject to the Quebec Professional Code, and is likewise a member of the Interprofessional Council. It is noteworthy that apart from certain grandfather and transient provisions, L Ordre des Ingenieurs requires proficiency in the French language as a requirement for its members. 

The training, professional codes and administrative oversight of mechanical engineering education allow for engineering education to be delivered without ensuring the identification and renewal of curriculum with relevant content and without providing for critical competency development (i.e., communication skills) of engineering students. 

And while there are clearly delineated professional codes for engineers, without the ethics competency, these codes do collide with climate and culture in the workplace as practice. Early career engineers are often challenged as to what to do next, how to do it, and why to follow these canons. However, the benefits in utilizing the ethics competency as a part of the DNA of mechanical engineering education can better equip practitioners for such encounters. 

The widespread adoption of purpose- or systems-based regulations contributes to the proeesses of delegation and the accompanying call for accountability structures. Broad-brush formulations of basic obligations implies a mixture of legal and non-legal (soft law) norms, referring also to (self-imposed) professional codes of eonduet, industrial standards and company-speeifie rules and systems of implementation. 

Board of Certified Safety Professionals Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct... 

W.R. Bowen, Ethics and the engineer professional codes and the Rule of St. Benedict. Stud. Christ. Ethics 25, 277-294 (2012)... 

As previously stated, the situation related to ethics or social awareness for engineers is not well defined in Spain. Similar trends are observed in other countries (Brumsen 2005). Similarly to other professions, professional associations are sometimes the main depositories of ethics responsibility, usually by the adoption of professional codes. In order to do some research on this subject, we have interviewed two... 

The collectivist approach is implicit in the idea of a professional code of conduct The profession has decided collectively that its members must abide by certain rules and, by electing to join the profession, members accept this. There is still, of course, some room for individual judgement in interpreting the rales in particular cases. 

Professional codes of conduct are, by their very nature, collectivist and rale-based. Nevertheless, rule-based ethical systems always seem too rigid and restricted to handle complicated situations on their own and they are incapable of handling situations in which rales conflict or several different actions are possible but all in some way violate the rules. The interpretation of the rules and their application to specific situations may therefore involve individual, consequential reasoning. Although the individual codes themselves have an absolutist tone, the difficulty of establishing international codes has led professional bodies collectively to accept a moral relativism and to dechne, for example, to insist that all professional codes demand that members respect human rights. 

More extensive discussion of professional codes of conduct, along with discussion of other and wider aspects of professionahsm will be found in ... 

More specific discussion of the relationship between professional codes and competence in the safety context can be found in D.Rowland J.J.Rowland, Professional competence in safety-related software engineering Software Engineering Journal 10, 43-49, 1995, and in D.Rowland, Negligence, professional competence and... 

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