Squamous cell carcinoma tumours

Kato Y, Kaneko M, Sata M, etal. Enhanced exptession of Aggrus (Tl-alpha/podoplanin), a platelet-aggtegation-inducing factor in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol. 2005 26 195-... 

Overexpression of the EGF receptor (or any of its ligands), can also induce cancer in both cell lines and transgenic animal models. Monoclonal antibodies capable of blocking receptor activity can promote tumour regression in mice suffering from various carcinomas. A direct correlation also exists between elevated EGF receptor numbers and a shorter patient survival span in the case of several forms of breast, oesophageal, bladder and squamous cell carcinomas. 

D,L-Diepoxybutane and /wcAso-diepoxybutanc induced skin papillomas and squamous-cell carcinomas when applied to the skin of female Swiss mice at a dose of approximately 3 or 10 mg in 100 mg acetone three times per week for life (Van Duuren et al., 1963, 1965). Subcutaneous injection of 0.1 mg D,L-diepoxybutane in 0.05 mL tricaprylin once per week for more than one year induced local fibrosarcomas in female Swiss mice no tumour was observed in three solvent-treated control groups. Similar findings were seen in female Sprague-Dawley rats (Van Duuren et al., 1966). 

Acetaldehyde was tested for carcinogenicity in rats by inhalation exposure and in hamsters by inhalation exposure and by intratracheal instillation. It produced tumours of the respiratory tract following inhalation, particularly adenocarcinomas and squamous-cell carcinomas of the nasal mucosa in rats and laryngeal carcinomas in hamsters. In hamsters, it did not cause an increased incidence of tumours following intratracheal instillation. Inhalation of acetaldehyde enhanced the incidence of respiratory-tract tumours produced by intratracheal instillation of benzo [ojpyrene. 

Mouse. A group of 20 female SEN mice, four weeks of age, was treated twice weekly for 51 weeks with 0.2 mL of a 100 mg/mL solution of benzoyl peroxide in acetone applied to the skin shaved 48 h previously. A group of 15 mice receiving 0.2 mL acetone served as controls. At the termination of the experiment, there were no skin tumours among the control mice, compared with 8/20 in the benzoyl peroxide-treated mice Ip < 0.05), of which 5/20 were squamous-cell carcinomas. The first tumour developed in week 24. Six of 20 mice showed epidermal hyperplasia (Kurokawa et al., 1984). 

Benzal chloride was tested in two experiments in mice by skin application, the results of which were reported together. In the first experiment, the total dose of benzal chloride was about 289 mg per mouse during a 50-wcek dosing period, after which all mice were killed at week 82. No skin tumours developed in 20 controls, while, in the treated group of 19 (14 of which had died by the end of the experiment), nine mice had squamous cell carcinomas of the skin and two had skin fibrosarcomas. In the other experiment in which the total benzal chloride dose was about 1109 mg per mouse, but which was terminated after just 43 weeks, 2/10 mice developed skin papillomas compared with 0/10 in the controls (lARC, 1982). 

Benzotrichloride was tested in three studies by skin application to female mice. It produced squamous cell carcinomas of the skin and lung tumours in all three experiments upper digestive tract tumours were also observ ed in two of the three experiments. Increases in the incidence of tumours at other sites were reported. In a strain A mouse lung tumour bioassay, benzotrichloride increased the incidence of lung adenomas (lARC, 1982, 1987a). 

Epoxybutane was tested for eareinogenicity by inhalation exposure in one study in mice and in one study in rats, producing nasal papillary adenomas in rats of both sexes and pulmonary alveolar/bronchiolar tumours in male rats. It did not induce skin tumours when tested by skin application in one study in mice. Oral administration of trichloroethylene containing 1,2-epoxybutane to mice induced squamous-cell carcinomas of the forestomach, whereas administration of trichloroethylene alone did not (lARC, 1989). 

Methyl bromide was tested by oral administration in rats and by inhalation in mice and rats. In one 90-day study by oral administration in rats, methyl bromide was reported to produce squamous-cell carcinomas of the forestomach. In a second, 25-week study designed to investigate further the findings of the previous study, early hyperplastic lesions of the forestomach developed after 25 weeks of continuous treatment by gavage. In two inhalation studies in mice, no significant increase in the incidence of tumours was observ ed. In one inhalation study in rats, an increase in the incidence of adenomas of the pituitary gland was observed in high-dose male rats. In another study in rats, no increase in tumour incidence was observed. 

Rat Groups of 50 male and 50 female Fischer 344/N rats, eight weeks of age, were administered skin applications of 0, 188 or 375 mg/kg bw 2,3-dibromo-l-propanol (98% pure) in 95% ethanol on five days per week for 48-51 weeks (males) or 52-55 weeks (females). The study was terminated at 48-51 weeks for males and 52-55 weeks for females because of reduced survival of the high-dose groups and because sentinel mice housed in the same room as the rats tested positive for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. As shown in Table 2, there w ere increased incidences of skin neoplasms (all types), squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin, basal-cell tumours [not further specified] of the skin, squamous-cell carcinomas of the oral mucosa, squamous-cell papillomas of the oesophagus, squamous-cell papillomas of the forestomach, adenocarcinomas of the... 

Groups of 28 conventional and 28 genn-free Fischer rats received weekly intrarectal injections of 20 mg/kg bw 1,2-dimethylhydrazine for 20 weeks. The rats were killed 15 weeks after the last 1,2-dimethylhydrazine injection. A much higher incidence of squamous-cell carcinomas of the ear canal, mesenchymal kidney tumours, carcinomas of the small intestine and colon was obsen cd in conventional rats than in genn-free rats (Table 10). (Reddy et al., 1976). 

Rat. Groups of 100 male and 100 female Fischer 344 rats were exposed to 0 (control), 75 and 750 ppm [0,98 and 980 mg/m ] hydrazine (purity, 98.8%) by inhalation for 1 h once or once per week for 10 weeks. Animals were killed 24-30 months after exposure. In the 750-ppm hydrazine-treated group, polypoid adenomas were found in 4/99 males and 6/95 females. In addition, one nasal squamous-cell carcinoma and four cases of hyperplasia were noted in males and one case of hyperplasia in females (Latendresse et al., 1995). [The Working Group noted that data were not presented for control tumour incidences, although the incidence of nasal adenomas in both sexes and that of nasal hyperplasia in males were significant.]... 

Resorcinol alone induced a low incidence of mild hyperplasia in the forestomach, but no forestomach tumours. Resorcinol given after the initiator did not increase the incidence of forestomach papillomas or squamous-cell carcinomas induced by the initiator (Hirose etal., 1989). 

Methylaziridine was administered to male and female rats by gavage at doses of 0, 10 and 20 mg/kg bw. Treatment-related toxicity was found at both doses and increased mortality was seen at the high dose, which was discontinued after 28 weeks. Animals were killed at week 60. The treatment produced mammary adenocarcinomas in females at both doses, gliomas in both sexes at both doses, squamous-cell carcinomas of the ear duct in both sexes, leukaemia in males and a small number of intestinal tumours in males (lARC, 1975 Weisburger etal., 1981). 

Isotretinoin is a retinoic acid isomer 20 h). It is used orally in acne (see p. 313). It is effective in preventing second primary tumours in patients who have been treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. 

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma was first described by L.E. PiANzoLA et al. in 1971. (222) It is a rare entity this sub-type constitutes only 2-3% of all CCC. Up to now, 41 cases have been reported. The tumour contains components of both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. It is discussed that this condition derives from a squamous metaplasia of the terminal ramifications of the bile canaliculi (222) or from adenocarcinoma cells. A combination of HCC and mucoepidermoid carcinoma has been observed. (219) This tumour contains components of both cell types. A male predominance was found. The clinical findings and laboratory data are similar to CCC. Pathogenesis is unknown various congenital cysts of the biliary tract (218) and non-parasitic cysts (221, 223) as well as hepatic cholelithiasis (usually associated with infection) have been proposed as aetio-logical factors. (217) Although its resectability was... 

Suo Z, Holm R, Nesland JM. Squamous cell carcinomas. An immunohistochemical study of cytokeratins and involucrin in primary and metastatic tumours. Histopathology. 1993 23 45-54. Di Como CJ, Urist MJ, Babayan I, et al. p63 expression profiles in human normal and tumor tissues. Clin Cancer Res. 2002 8 494-501. 

Stenman, J., Lintula, S.etal. (1997) Detection of squamous cell carcinoma antigen expressing tumour cells in blood by reverse-... 

Retinoids have also been studied for their potential in the treatment of oral leucoplakia [243], the prevention of cancers [244,245], and in the treatment of a leukaemia other than APL [246]. In one study, 13-c/s-retinoic acid was found effective for treatment of oral leucoplakia with 16 out of 24 patients responding positively to the treatment [243]. An average of 63% reduction of skin cancers was observed in 5 patients treated with 13-cis-RA (2 mg/kg daily) over a period of 2 years [244]. After discontinuance of therapy, tumour incidence increased 8.5-fold relative to the frequency during treatment. Similarily, 13-ew-RA treatment at 50-100 mg m day was effective in the prevention of second primary tumours in patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck [245], although the retinoid was ineffective in preventing recurrences of the original tumour. Recently, the first effective response to oral RA therapy from a patient with a blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML-BC) was reported [246]. 

The difficulty inherent to visualisation of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck by current imaging is that invariably there are soft tissue and hard tissue components of the disease. MRI is undoubtedly superior for imaging soft tissues and CT for bone. The introduction of FDG PET has helped clinicians to identify the inherent problem of the unknown primary. However it wasn t until co-registration with CT that more accurate analysis of the position was obtained. Analyses of PET/CT vs contrast-enhanced CT (Chen AY et al. 2006), the use of PET/CT to improve accuracy of initial cervical nodal staging 0eong et al. 2007) and the use of PET/CT for staging as well as surveillance of difficult areas such as skull base tumours have all been recently reported (Gil et al. 2007). 

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