Hyoscyamus muticus

Hyoscyamus muticus. Leaves, 1-4 leaves and stems, 0-6 seeds, 0-9 to 1-34 stems, 0-6 hyoscyamine. ... 

Simple Bases. In addition to the alkaloids proper, 1 4-TETRAMETHYLDiAMiNoBUTANE, MCjN. (CHj) . NMCj, has been found in Hyoscyamus muticus by Merck and in H. reticulatus by Konovalova and Magidson. It was described by Willstatter and Heubner as a colourless liquid, 0-7941, b.p. 169°, with a pungent, acrid taste. The... 

Green fluorescent protein Hairy root Hyoscyamus muticus A. tumefaciens transformation CaMV 35S - Not reported 23... 

Eeva, M., Salo, J. P., and Oksman-Caldentey, K. M. (1998). Determination of the main tropane alkaloids from transformed Hyoscyamus muticus plants by capillary zone electrophoresis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 16, 717—722. 

S. Grewal, A. Aluea, and E. Reinhard, Production of hyocyamine by root cultures of hyoscyamus muticus L., Herba Hungarica, 30 109(1991). 

In treated tomato roots 12 proteins were modified 10 were decreased (1-4 6-9 11 and 12) and 2 were increased (5 and 10) (Fig. 14.4, Table 14.3). Protein 5 (37.5 kDa) was N-terminal microsequenced, and 23 amino acids were obtained. Protein search showed 95% similarity to the glutathione S-transferases (EC 2.5.1.18) (GST), class-phi from Solanum commersonii, pir T07906 (Seppanen, 1997 direct submission) 90% similarity with GST from Hyoscyamus muticus, pir PQ0744 6 and 69% with GST from Nicotiania tabacum, P4644021 (Fig. 14.4). 

GST Solanum commersonii GST Hyoscyamus muticus GST Nicotiana tabacum... 

Bilang, J., Macdonald, H., King, P. J., and Sturm, A. 1993. A soluble auxinbinding protein from Hyoscyamus muticus is a glutathione S-transferase. Plant Physiol 102, 29-34... 

Figure 7.9 Intercellular and subcellular trafficking in alkaloid biosynthesis. A. Tropane alkaloid biosynthesis in Hyoscyamus muticus. B. Terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. C. Trafficking of the berberine bridge enzyme in Papaver somniferum cell cultures.

An alkaloid obtained from various solanaceous plants, Hyoscyamus muticus and Duboisia myoporoides being the best sources. It is the laevo-isomer of atropine. 

Back, K. and Chappell, J. (1995) Cloning and bacterial expression of a sesquiterpene cyclase from Hyoscyamus muticus and its molecular comparison to related terpene cyclases. /. Biol. Chem., 270, 7375-81. 

The isoquinoline alkaloid contents in the transformed and non-transformed plants are indicated in Table 16. Alkaloid contents in the leaves were higher than those in the roots despite transformation. Cephaeline was the major alkaloid in all parts of in vitro plants as well as the root cultures. Alkaloid contents in the transformed plants, both in the leaves and roots, were lower than those of non-transformed plants except emetine in the roots. Any advantageous effects of T-DNA integration into ipecac on the alkaloid accumulation in the regenerated plants were not observed as previously reported for Duboisia hybrid [79] and Hyoscyamus muticus [103]. 

Atropine is the optically inactive mixture of dextro- and laevo-hyoscyamine. Laevo-hyoscyamine alone occurs in nature. The hest source of hyoscyamine is a variety of henbane indigenous in Egypt, Soudan and India, known as Hyoscyamus muticus, in the various parts of which it has been shown to be present in the following proportions leaves 1.4% stems 0.6 % seeds 0.87-1.34%. Atropine is also manufactured from the root of Scopolia carniolica, in which hyoscyamine is present to the extent of 0.43-0.51% and from A ropa belladonna, the leaves of which contain, on the average, 0.4%, and the roots 0.5%, of hyoscyamine. Many other solanaceous plants of the Datura species contain these alkaloids, in varying, and smaller, amounts, often associated with hyoscine or scopolamine. 

One of the commercial sources for (-)-hy-oscyamine is Egyptian henbane (Hyoscyamus muticus) in which it occurs to the extent of 0.5%. Another method for extraction of the alkaloid uses Duboisia species. It is prepared from the crude plant material in a manner similar to that used for atropine and is purified as the oxalate. ( )-Tropic acid can be resolved... 

For the extraction of L-hyoscyamine, Egyptian henbane, Hyoscyamus muticus, is used, owing to its high alkaloid content 0.5-1.5%. 

Hyoscyamus. Henbane hog s bean insane root poison tobacco black henbane. Dried leaves with or without the tops, of Hyoscyamus niger L. Soianaceae, yielding 0,040% hyoscyamus alkaloids (chiefly hyoscyamine and scopolamine). The leaves and seeds have been used as smooth muscle relaxants. The alkaloid content of the seeds is less than that of the leaves. Egyptian henbane (Hyoscyamus muticus L, Soianaceae) contains about 0.5% alkaloids. Habit. Europe, Africa, Asia, naturalized in U.S, cultivated in England, Cortsh r. Leaves scopolamine, hyoscyamine hyoscipicrin, choline. 

The use of elicitors can significantly enhance the production of metabolites. The elicitors are divided mainly in two groups. The biotic elicitors which are compounds of biological origin (e.g. fungal spores, fungal cell wall fractions, cellulase, chitosane) and the abiotic elicitors which include metal ions, high salt concentrations, UV radiations, sonication. Treatment of Hyoscyamus muticus hairy roots with 50-500 jig/ml of chitosane resulted in a 5-fold increase in the accumulation of hyoscyamine [84]. Similar results were obtained by Halperin and Flores [85] who obtained, with hairy roots of the same species, hyoscyamine up to 6-fold when elicited with mannitol. 

Asch. ex Schweinfurth-367 Hyoscyamus muticus Hyoscyamus niger L.-341,366-7,370 Hyoscyamuspusillus L.—367 Hyoscyamus reticulatus L.—367 Hyoscyamus senecionis Willdenow—367 Hyoscyamus sp.-363,366-7,369-70 Hypholoma sp.—314 Hypomyces aurantius Tuiasne—158... 

Figure 3. Establishment of "hairy root" cultures. (A) Datura innoxia seeding 2 weeks after infection with A. rhizogenes. (B) Detail of Hyoscyamus muticus "hairy roots".

The initial pH of culture media is generally adjusted to 5.5-6. So far, little is known about the influence of the initial pH of the culture medium on productivity. For Catharanthus roseus cultures contradictory results have been reported no effect at an initial pH of 5.5, 6.0, or 6.5 (55) but higher productions at pH 5.5 (39) and at pH 7.0 (40), with the results seeming to be cell line specific. In cultures of Hyoscyamus muticus a 7-fold increase in alkaloid production was found on media with an initial pH of 3.5 (41). More alkaloid was released by Mcotiana rustica hairy roots when grown on media with lower initial pH values (i.e., pH 5-5.5) buffering of the media with 50 mM MES decreased growth and total alkaloid production (42). 

The cell and tissue culture of the major tropane alkaloid-producing species does not apparently offer any special problems. The regeneration of plantlets from callus and tissue cultures seems to be routine (286,307,309,323,325,332,350-352). Plants have also been regenerated from protoplasts of Atropa belladonna (353), Duboisia myoporoides (354), and Hyoscyamus muticus (355,356). Cryopreservation has been reported for Anisodus and Datura species (349,357). 

A. R. Saint-Firmin. U.S. Patent 4241536 30-12-1980. GB 76-46866 10-11-1976. Embryogenesis in vitro, induction of qualitative and quantitative changes in metabolites produced by plants and products (e.g., Hyoscyamus muticus). Chem. Abstr. 94, 171236b. 

For the isolation of atropine, Atropa belladonna. Datura species (e.g., D. stramonium and D. innoxia), and Hyoscyamus species are presently being used, which have atropine as the major compound. Hyoscyamus muticus is of interest for industrial-scale isolation, having an average alkaloid content of about 0.035-2.15% (365) in the leaves, with only small amounts of other alkaloids. Duboisia species, small trees whose leaves contain scopolamine as the major alkaloid during a certain period of seasonal development, are the main source for the industrial isolation of scopolamine. The leaves of Hyoscyamus niger and Datura stramonium were widely used in pharmacy, they contain, besides atropine as the main alkaloid, considerable amounts of scopolamine, the ratio of atropine to scopolamine being, respectively, about 2 1 and 1.2 1. They contain, respectively, 0.1-0.16% (365) and 0.02-0.08% total alkaloid. In Atropa belladonna, atropine is the m or alkaloid, with only small amounts of scopolamine the alkaloid content of the roots is about 0.3-0.7%, that of the leaves 0.2-0.6%. 

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