Liquid pollutants

Galin T, McDowell C, Yaron B. 1990b. The effect of volatilization on the mass flow of a non-aqueous pollutant liquid mixture in an inert porous medium Experiments with kerosene. J Soil Sci 41(4) 631-641. 

The application of this technology involves the construction of two wells. One well serves to introduce the surfactant to the dense NAPL (DNAPL), while the second serves as a means to extract the polluted liquid (Fig. 14.2). 

His research interests include air and water pollution, liquid chromatography, and applications of different chromatographic techniques in food, water, and environmental parameters analysis. 

Pollution of surface and ground waters As wastes break down in landfills, a highly polluting liquid - leachate - is produced. If not carefully controlled, this may pollute ground and surface water. 

Liquid, see Terminology, Liquid, p.241 Marine pollutants, liquid or solid, n.o.s., see... 

Dynamics of gas bubbles in liquids presents significant interest for many reasons. First, bubble motion research provides information about properties of the elementary boundary between liquid and gaseous phases, about the laws governing phase transitions (evaporation, condensation), and about chemical reactions at the surface. Second, this process is also of interest from a purely technical viewpoint. Such branches of industry as gas, petroleum, and chemical engineering commonly utilize processes and devices whose operation is directly interrelated with the laws of bubbles motion. Applications include separation of gas from liquid barbotage of bubbles through a layer of mixture, which is thus enriched by various reagents contained in the bubbles flotation, which is employed in treatment of polluted liquids, etc. 

Tray works well with polluted liquids Tray works badly with polluted liquids... 

Chemical production areas should be drained to a sump to prevent the escape of polluted liquid. 

Atmospheric particles may consist of organic or inorganic materials or mixtures of both. Solid pollutant particles include very small combustion nuclei residues from fuel combustion, cement dust, silica dust from sandblasting, and soil dust mobilized by cultivation practices. Sulfuric acid droplets produced by oxidation of pollutant sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere are the most common kind of pollutant liquid droplets. Many kinds of particles are of biological origin and can be considered pollutants when they contribute to respiratory problems. These include bacteria, bacterial spores, fungal spores, and pollen. 

Scrubbers. Scrubbers are designed to contact a liquid with the particle-laden gas and entrain the particles with the liquid. They offer the obvious advantage that they can be used to remove gaseous as well as particulate pollutants. The gas stream may need to be cooled before entering the scrubber. Some of the more common types of scrubbers are shown in Fig. 11.2. 

This interface is critically important in many applications, as well as in biological systems. For example, the movement of pollutants tln-ough the enviromnent involves a series of chemical reactions of aqueous groundwater solutions with mineral surfaces. Although the liquid-solid interface has been studied for many years, it is only recently that the tools have been developed for interrogating this interface at the atomic level. This interface is particularly complex, as the interactions of ions dissolved in solution with a surface are affected not only by the surface structure, but also by the solution chemistry and by the effects of the electrical double layer [31]. It has been found, for example, that some surface reconstructions present in UHV persist under solution, while others do not. 

Ozone s presence in the atmosphere (amounting to the equivalent of a layer 3 mm thick under ordinary pressures and temperatures) helps prevent harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun from reaching the earth s surface. Pollutants in the atmosphere may have a detrimental effect on this ozone layer. Ozone is toxic and exposure should not exceed 0.2 mg/m (8-hour time-weighted average - 40-hour work week). Undiluted ozone has a bluish color. Liquid ozone is bluish black and solid ozone is violet-black. 

W. Carter, Ocyone Reactivity Analysis of Emissionsfrom Motor Vehicles, (Draft Report for the Western Liquid Gas Association), Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, University of California at Riverside, July 11, 1989. 

Pollutant Emissions from Liquid Waste Incinerators. 

B. B. Crocker, S.M., P.E., Consulting Chemical Engineer Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers Member, Air Pollution Control Association (Section 14, Gas Absorption and Gas-Liquid System Design)... 

Vapor-Liquid Separation This design problem may be important for a number of reasons. The most important is usually prevention of entrainment because of value or product lost, pollution, contamination of the condensed vapor, or fouling or corrosion of the surfaces on which the vapor is condensed. Vapor-liquid separation in the vapor head may also oe important when spray forms deposits on the w ls, when vortices increase head requirements of circulating pumps, and when shoiT circuiting allows vapor or unflashed liquid to be carried back to the circulating pump ana heating element. 

No problems with liquid-waste disposal, water pollution, or liquid freezing... 

Surface-active substances (SAS) are the most widespread contaminants of sewage and natural waters. They translate in small dispertion condition liquid and firm polluting substances - chlororganic, mineral oils, pesticides. Therefore, the SAS contents determination in water solutions is now one of actual tasks of analytical chemistry. 

For selective estimation of phenols pollution of environment such chromatographic methods as gas chromatography with flame-ionization detector (ISO method 8165) and high performance liquid chromatography with UV-detector (EPA method 625) is recommended. For determination of phenol, cresols, chlorophenols in environmental samples application of HPLC with amperometric detector is perspective. Phenols and chlorophenols can be easy oxidized and determined with high sensitivity on carbon-glass electrode. 

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