Spinal cord tumor

The CSF/serum ratio of albumin during mid-adult life is less than 7 x 10. If the barrier permeability increases (as seen in purulent meningitis), the albumin ratio can increase to values greater than 100 x 10 (barrier breakdown). The albumin ratio is not dependent only on the barrier s permeability, but also on the fluid turnover, which normally is 14% per hour of the total CSF space volume. If turnover decreases, as in the presence of a spinal cord tumor, the albumin ratio can increase to values < 100 X 10-3 (CSF block). 

Increased ICR and, thus, papilledema have many causes. Any intracranial space-occupying lesion may create increased ICR. Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, spinal cord tumors with associated elevated CSF protein, spinal cord injuries, and traumatic brain injmy may all cause papilledema. 

Spinal cord tumor Hemorrhage Clear, colorless, or yellow 100-2000... 

Figure 7.23 A 2D MRI of (a) a cross-section of the human head, (b) a cross-section of the human spinal cord. Different cross-sections can provide valuable information about the sizes and locations of tumors, etc. (Courtesy of Dr. I. H. Bhatti, Director, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi.)... 

Radiation is an important modality in the treatment of symptomatic metastatic disease. The most common indication for treatment with radiation therapy is painful bone metastases or other localized sites of disease refractory to systemic therapy. Radiation therapy gives significant pain relief to approximately 90% of patients who are treated for painful bone metastases. Radiation is also an important modality in the palliative treatment of metastatic brain lesions and spinal cord lesions, which respond poorly to systemic therapy, as well as eye or orbit lesions and other sites where significant accumulation of tumor cells occurs. Skin and/or lymph node metastases confined to the chest wall area also may be treated with radiation therapy for palliation (e.g., open wounds or painful lesions). 

A delicate balance of normal pressure is maintained in the brain and spinal cord by brain, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume. Since the brain is contained within a confined space (skull), any foreign mass contained within that space causes adverse sequelae. This results in either destruction or displacement of normal brain tissue with associated edema. Most brain metastases occur through hematogenous spread of the primary tumor, and around 80% of patients will have multiple sites of metastases within the brain. 

A broad variety of diseases may cause neuropathic pain. The majority of diseases associated with neuropathic pain involve the peripheral nervous system. These diseases include traumatic injuries hereditary, metabolic, inflammatory or paraneoplastic neuropathies and infections. However, neuropathic pain can also be caused by injuries or disorders affecting the spinal cord or the brain (central neuropathic pain) tumors stroke epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders [20]. Genetic factors appear to contribute to inter-individual differences in the susceptibility to neuropathic pain. 

Head trauma, CNS tumors, spinal cord injury, cerebrospinal accidents, Parkinson s disease. 

In Forest Steppe biogeochemical province with Eutric Phaerozems and Distric Chernozems, enriched in all trace metals, such illnesses as lung and stomach cancer, tumor of cerebrum and spinal cord, and nephritis are predominant, whereas the Addison-Bearmer anemia, progressive myopia and glaucoma are relatively seldom. 

Injection - Heart failure secondary to chronic lung disease cardiac arrhythmias brain tumor acute alcoholism delirium tremens idiosyncrasy to the drug increased intracranial or CSF pressure head injuries acute bronchial asthma upper airway obstruction. Because of its stimulating effect on the spinal cord, morphine should not be used in convulsive states (eg, status epilepticus, tetanus, strychnine poisoning) concomitantly with MAOIs or in those who have received such agents within 14 days. 

Fig. 1. This example of a cumulative dose volume histogram (DVH) exemplifies the manner in which three dimensional treatment planning allows the radiation oncologist to ensure that the tumor receives the planned dose while limiting the dose of radiation received by the normal structures. In this example 100% of the gross tumor volume (GTV) receives 70 Gy whereas the dose received by any length of the spinal cord is less than 45 Gy.

Figure 5 RBE/dose relationships for 15-MeV neutrons produced by a (d,T) generator. Different biological endpoints in normal tissues and tumors are investigated. For late tolerance of spinal cord, the RBE increases from 1.2 to 3.7 when the neutron dose per fraction decreases from 16 to 0.8 Gy. Higher RBE values were found later on for spinal cord at lower doses. (From Ref. 21.)...

Hermann G. E., Rogers R. C., Bresnahan J. C., and Beattie M. S. (2001). Tumor necrosis factor-a induces cFOS and strongly potentiates glutamate-mediated cell death in the rat spinal cord. Neurobiol. Dis. 8 590-599. 

Kim G. M., Xu J., Xu J. M., Song S. K., Yan P., Ku G., Xu X. M., and Hsu C. Y. (2001). Tumor necrosis factor receptor deletion reduces nuclear factor-kappa B activation, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 expression, and functional recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury. J. Neurosci. 21 6617-6625. 

Pan W., Kastin A. J., Bell R. L., and Olson R. D. (1999). Upregulation of tumor necrosis factor a transport across the blood-brain barrier after acute compressive spinal cord injury. J. Neurosci. 19 3649-3655. 

The acute recording of evoked potentials and the stimulation at the spinal cord has been a well-established method for more than 20 years. The procedures require electrodes that are similar to pacemaker electrodes. Applications can be found in the field of skoliosis correction [38, 39] and the repair of aorta aneurysms [40]. An intraoperative stimulation of fibers of the sacral spinal cord was performed during dissection of unilateral testicle tumors to preserve ejaculation [41]. The main application of implants for chronic stimulation of the spinal cord is the handling of chronic pain [42]. There are two types of electrodes the percutaneous electrodes resemble the pacemaker electrodes. They consist of a mandrel with up to four ring electrodes of a platinum iridium alloy (Fig. 6). They have a length of 3 mm with an interelectrode distance of 6 mm or a length of 6 mm with an interelectrode distance of 12 mm. 

Jung, H., Toth, P. T., White, F. A., and Miller, R. J. (2008). Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 functions as a neuromodulator in dorsal root ganglia neurons. J. Neurochem. 104, 254—263. Kiguchi, N., Maeda, T., Kobayashi, Y., and Kishioka, S. (2008a). Up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in spinal cord contributes to vincristine-induced mechanical allodynia in mice. Neurosci. Lett. 445, 140—143. 

Glial cells are a source of multiple cytokines, including interleukin-1 /3 (IL-1 /3), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-a (Hanisch, 2002). These cytokines can contribute to different features of pathological pain, although their role within the spinal cord has not been completely understood (DeLeo and Yezierski, 2001 Watkins... 

Spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage is very rare. It is caused by a vascular malformation, hemostatic failure, coarctation of the aorta, inflammatory vascular disease, mycotic aneurysm or a vascular tumor such as ependymoma. Accumulating hematoma may compress the spinal cord. Suspicion is aroused if the cerebral angiogram is negative and the patient develops spinal cord signs. 

Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with increased synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-a and decreased synthesis of epidermal growth factor in the spinal cord in experimental animals, injection of tumor necrosis factor-a... 

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