Pathologic pain

Kast, E. C. "An Understanding and Measurement of Human Pathologic Pain and the Analgesic Activity of Methrotrimeprazine," Journal of Drugs 16,142-48,1966a. 

The use of BoNT/A has been increasingly reported in many conditions of pathological pain, including migraine and other headache disorders (Aoki 2003 Binder and Blitzer 2003), musculoskeletal pain, such as myofascial pain, low back pain, and other chronic pain syndromes (Luvisetto et al. 2007 Reilich et al. 2004 Sycha et al. 2004). 

Ji, R. R., and Woolf, C. J. (2001). Neuronal plasticity and signal transduction in nociceptive neurons Implications for the initiation and maintenance of pathological pain. Neurobiol. Dis. 8, 1-10. 

Watkins, L. R., Milligan, E. D., and Maier, S. F. (2001). Glial activation A driving force for pathological pain. Trends Neurosci 24, 450-455. 

Glial cells are a source of multiple cytokines, including interleukin-1 /3 (IL-1 /3), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-a (Hanisch, 2002). These cytokines can contribute to different features of pathological pain, although their role within the spinal cord has not been completely understood (DeLeo and Yezierski, 2001 Watkins... 

One of the great difficulties encountered in the study of mild analgesics remains in their clinical evaluation. An experimental pain study utilizing electrical and thermal stimuli was unable to distinguish between aspirin and a place-bo67 That pathological pain studies are also not wholly the answer was revealed in a study by Kantor et al. ... 

Mao J, Price DD, Lu J, Keniston L, Mayer DJ (2000) Two distinctive antinociceptive systems in rats with pathological pain. Neurosci Lett 280 13-16... 

More recently, it has become clear that the RVM can facilitate as well as dampen pain (reviewed by Porreca et al. 2002). Stimulation of the RVM at relatively low current intensities increases the responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons to noxious stimuli. The role of this facilitation in chronic pain is suggested by studies showing that blockade of the RVM with lidocaine reduces abnormal tactile responses in rats with neuropathic pain (Pertovaara et al. 1996). Other studies of inflammatory and neuropathic pain converge in showing that descending facilitation is an important component of pathological pain. 

Pathological pain is considered abnormal given that there is no protective value to the organism. This is a morphism in the nervous system that involves plasticity in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. It affects the way the nervous system detects the type of stimuli from the environment - a shift from a normally protective physiological mechanism to an abnormal and possibly pathological mechanism. Consequently, this justifies the concept that pain should be considered a disease process on its own. 

Bazan et al, 1994). Furthermore, PAF receptors are also involved in the release of prostaglandin from astrocytes. This release of prostaglandin is closely associated with pathological pain processing (Watkins et al, 20011... 

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