Specific initiatives

Moger and Coates (1992) report on successful inclusion in music and the arts. Links were made between a mainstream school and a special school catering for children classified as having multiple and complex special needs. The goal was less that of improved academic 

A review of studies comparing the academic progress of matched able-bodied children in inclusive and non-inclusive classrooms (Staub and Peck, 1995) concluded that no able-bodied student was harmed by being in an inclusive classroom and that there was no loss of teaching time by the able-bodied as a result of the inclusion of disabled peers. However, the authors add caveats to their discussion first, that most of the studies took place in early childhood environments, and second, that studies revealing positive advantages to the nondisabled from being in inclusive classrooms focus on social rather than academic benefits. (There are other cautions which need to be made about any research of this kind, as the discussion in chapter 1 revealed.) 

Pijl(1995), in an account ofacomparative study ofresources available to inclusive educators in five countries, states  

How far teachers differentiate between students in the use of methods and materials is 

York and Tuudidor (1995) reveal similar indifference - and even hostihly by teachers to the possibilities of differentiation. Focus-group discussions disclosed feelings which mirror the views of some of the secondary school teachers who were interviewed for this study  

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In general, analytical solutions are only available for specific initial or inlet size distributions. However, for batch granulation where the only growth mechanism is coalescence, at long times the size distribution may become self-preserving. The size distribution is selfpreserving if the normahzed size distributions

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Zaoh specific initiating event frequency history. 

Initiating events, in this study, initiate plant scram or setback. Other initiators, such as refueling discharge accidents, do not necessarily cause a reactor shutdown but may lead t< minor fuel damage and radioactive releases. The list of initiators for nuclear power plants has litf ance for HFBR because of size and design differences. A list of HFBR-specific initiators was developed from " st prepared with the HFBR staff, the FSAR, the plant design manual, the procedures manual, techn specifications, monthly operating reports, and the HFIR PRA (Johnson, 1988). 

All of these factors can influence both the likelihood of various internal error mechanisms, and also the occurrence of specific initiating events. (See Chapter 3 for a comprehensive description of PIFs.)... 

Event Tree An event tree analysis begins widi a specific initiating event and works forward to evaluate potential accident outcomes. 

Event tree analysis is a teclmique for evaluating potential accident outcomes resulting from a specific initiating event. Tlie results of the event tree analysis are clironological sets of failures or errors that may define an accident. 

After choosing some specific initial global state... 

In this form, which is analogous to Eq. (26) in the photon absorption case, the rate is expressed as a sum over the neutral molecule s vibration-rotation states to which the specific initial state having energy , can decay of (a) a translational state density p multiplied by (b) the average value of an integral operator A whose coordinate representation is... 

Fig.3 shows an effect of titanium dioxide loading on the decomposition of ethylene over a 20mesh wire-net photocatalyst. The decomposition rate increased in proportion to the amount of titanium dioxide loaded The specific initial rate (ro=(-dc/dt)t=o) was (1.8 0.2)x 10 ppm s g-catalysf. ... 

This /-shifting procedure allows us to estimate state-resolved cross sections or rate constants, and to later combine them to estimate k T). It is based on using not / = 0 information, but information for some larger / value, which may be more representative of the dynamics. The idea of using some nonzero / value is not new—see also Refs. [36-39]. For specific initial reactant quantum numbers, v, j, V2,ji, and some appropriately typical /, /ref, we define... 

Once the initial event occurs, secondary events occur at the cellular level that contribute to cell death. Regardless of the specific initiating event, the cellular processes that follow may be similar. Excitatory amino acids such as glutamate accumulate within the cells, causing intracellular calcium accumulation. Inflammation occurs and oxygen free radicals are formed ending in the common pathway of cell death. 

For a diatom-diatom reaction, the reaction cross-section from a specific initial state (vi, V2, ji, ji) is obtained by summing the reaction probabilities over all the partial waves with total angular momentum J46 ... 

Lehner CF, Lane ME 1997 Cell cycle regulators in Drosophila-, downstream and part of developmental decisions. J Cell Sci 110 523-528 Liu Z, Ambros V 1989 Heterochronic genes control the stage-specific initiation and expression of the dauer larva developmental program in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genes Dev 3 2039-2049... 

In emulsion polymerization, a solution of monomer in one solvent forms droplets, suspended in a second, immiscible solvent. We often employ surfactants to stabilize the droplets through the formation of micelles containing pure monomer or a monomer in solution. Micelles assemble when amphiphilic surfactant molecules (containing both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end) organize at a phase boundary so that their hydrophilic portion interacts with the hydrophilic component of the emulsion, while their hydrophobic part interacts with the hydrophobic portion of the emulsion. Figure 2.14 illustrates a micellized emulsion structure. To start the polymerization reaction, a phase-specific initiator or catalyst diffuses into the core of the droplets, starting the polymerization. 

The figures for fluorination reflect the weakness of the F—F [150kJ (36 kcal) mol ],and the strength of the H—F [560 kJ(134 kcal) mol" ], bonds. Fluorination normally requires no specific initiation (cf. p.324), and is explosive unless carried out at high dilution. That fluorination does proceed by a radical pathway, despite not requiring specific initiation, is demonstrated by the fact that chlorination may be initiated in the dark, and at room temperature, by the addition of small traces of F2. Bromination is a good deal slower than chlorination, under comparable conditions, as step (1)—H-abstraction by Br—is commonly endothermic. This step is usually so endothermic for I that direct iodination of alkanes does not normally take place. 

In 4>X174, however, replication begins with a single stranded closed circle, a rather atypical situation. First, primase brings about the synthesis of a short RNA primer, beginning at one or more specific initiation sites on the DNA. 

The equality is valid if the control parameter is changed reversibly, i.e., if the system is in equilibrium at all times during the transformation. Equivalently, this result can be stated as the maximum work theorem [34] the amount of work delivered by a system during a transformation from a specific initial to a specific final state is always smaller than the free energy difference between the initial and final states. The work is maximum and equal to the free energy difference for a reversible process, hence the term reversible work for the equilibrium free energy. 

Successful application of radical polymerization requires the appropriate choice of the specific initiator to achieve the desired initiation rate at the desired reaction temperature and the realization that higher polymerization rates achieved by increasing the initiation rate (either by increasing [I] or kmolecular weights. Higher radical concentrations result in more propagating chains but each propagates for a shorter time. 

PFD,y is the probability of failure of the /th IPL that protects against the specific consequence and the specific initiating event i. The PFD is usually 10 2, as described previously. 

The concept of dynamic silver clusters capable to transfer between molecules was also pointed out recently by Ras et al. for silver clusters prepared by photoactivation using PM A A as scaffold [20], Every specific initial ratio of silver ions to methacrylate unit, Ag+ MAA, results in distinct spectral bands (Fig. 12a, b). Thus, an initial ratio 0.5 1 gives an absorption band at 503 nm, whereas a ratio 3 1 gives a band at 530 nm. The shuttle effect was proven when for a given silver cluster solution with ratio 3 1 and absorption at 530 nm, a blue shift was achieved by the addition of pure PMAA. For instance if the added amount of polymer decreases the ratio Ag+ MAA from 3 1 to 0.5 1, the new optical band will match exactly with the band corresponding to a solution with initial ratio 0.5 1, that is 503 nm (Fig. 12c). The explanation given for this blue shift was the redistribution of the existent silver clusters in PMAA chains over the newly available PMAA chains, in other words that the clusters shuttle from partly clusters-filled chains to empty ones. 

At the most fundamental level one follows the time development of the system in detail. The reactants are started in a specific initial (quantum) state and the equation of motion are propagated to give the final state. The equation of motion of the system is the time dependent Schroinger equation, or, if the atoms involved are heavy enough (not H or Li) Newtons equation. The starting point is the adiabatic potential energy surface on which the process takes place. For some reactions electronic excitations during the reaction are important and must be included in addition to the electronically adiabatic dynamics. 

Safety is an important aspect in maching explosives. Since the sensitivity of an expl has meaning only in terms of the specific initiating impulse, the practice of machining each expl material by remote control is most desirable (Ref 2). On the basis of test data it is considered safe to machine Composition A-3, Composition B, and TNT at 200 ft/min surface speed... 

The mRNA of eucaryotes does not possess specific initiation sequences. Rather, the AUG start codon is identified by scanning the eucaryotic mRNA the 408 subunit of the ribosome threads the 5 non-translated end of the mRNA and uses the first AUG codon encoimtered to initiate translation. Whether a AUG codon is used as an initiator depends, additionally, upon the sequence context. If the sequence environment is unfavorable for initiation, then the scanning is continued and initiation occurs at one of the next AUG. With the help of this leaky scanning" strategy it is possible to produce proteins with different N-termini from the same mRNA. 8ince there are often signal sequences foimd at the N-terminus, this mechanism may lead to alternative com-partmentalization of a protein. 

With the narrow range of wavelength of the excimer lamp, a specific initiator can be selected with the maximum efficiency in that range. Thus, it is possible to reduce the amount of photoinitiator from that used for conventional UV sources and reduce the cost of the material and amounts of unreacted initiator in the finished coated substrate. Excimer lamps can be used for both free radical and cationic photoinitiators. ... 

Kinetics and equilibrium analysis To use Patterson s model (eq. (4.52)), we first need the parameter w, and thus the equilibrium liquid-phase concentration Ce. The maximum loading of the zeolite particles for the specific initial concentration can be calculated by means of the equilibrium relationship (eq. (4.5)) ... 

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