Composites machining

Suppose we start with an automaton A that is given a tape with a blueprint B a on it. The composite machine will then construct a copy of A but it is not, in and of itself, self-reproducing i.e, the aggregate machine A + creates A, not A + B. This situation is not remedied by simply adding a description of B to B, since in this case A + yields A + B and not A + B +Ba Thus, whatever we... 

Fig. 10.38 The examples of Leistritz melt conveying, modular CRNI screw elements studied by White and associates, (a) Thin flighted forward matched and staggered (b) thick-flighted, reverse matched and staggered. [Reprinted by permission from D. S. Bang, M. H. Hong, and J. L. White, Modular Tangential Counterrotating TSEs Determination of Screw Pumping Chararacteristics and Composite Machine Behaviour, Polym. Eng. Sci., 38 485 (1998).]...

Development in equipment continues. As an example, a line of low-cost pultrusion machines with electromechanical controls, eliminating high maintenance costs and minimizing noise, has been developed by Composites Machines Co, Salt Lake City, USA. The advanced technology pultrusion (A TP) line comprises three series ... 

Composites Machines Company Inc. Salt Lake City, Utah, USA... 

Entec Composite Machines, 2975 S 300 W, Salt Lake City, Utah 84115, USA. http //vww.entec.com... 

Computerized programmable equipment is usually more cost effective where a variety of parts are to be produced or where part configuration is complex, such as a wind turbine blade. Sophisticated software for filament winding such as FGX Windows developed by Entec Composite Machines (Salt Lake City, Utah) allows the manufacturer to create patterns to wrap a pressure vessel, as an example, before winding begins. Filling in a simple menu defines the part geometry, and the computer uses this database to calculate a fiber path for the part and establish the... 

As defined by the Constitution, U.S. patents are granted to chemical compositions, machines, industrial or chemical processes, manufactured articles, ornamental designs of an article of manufacture, and asexuaUy reproduced nontuber plant varieties. Patentable inventions need not be pioneering breakthroughs. Improvements of existing inventions or unique combinations/arrangements of old formulations or components may also be patented. In fact, the majority of inventions are improvements on existing... 

There are many other approaches to composite machining that involve some significant capital outlays and should be justified by a reasonably long production run. These include water jet or abrasive jet, and laser cutting. 

Washing and cleaning agents containing salts of maleic acid—furan copolymers (106) form complexes with alkaline-earth ions. These cleaning compositions do not contain phosphoms or nitrogen and find use in metal, foodstuff, and machine dishwashing products. 

The shaping of these fine, submicrometer powders into complex components and their subsequent consoHdation into dense ceramic parts of ideally zero porosity is a major technological challenge. The parts formed need to be consoHdated to near-net shape because Si N machining requires expensive diamond grinding. Additionally, Si N dissociates at or near the typical densiftcation temperatures used in the fabrication of stmctural ceramics and, therefore, special measures have to be taken to preserve the compositional integrity of the material. 

Stitchbonded fabrics ate used in home furnishings, footwear, filtration, packaging, and coating. Machine widths ate in the 2-m range fabric weights range from about 75—250 g/m. A variation of stitchbonding is used to make multiaxial-layeted yam and yam-and-sheet stmctures for composite material reinforcement substrates. 

Polyolefin—ceUulose composites also are used in nonasbestos flooring felts, waUpapers, filter media, labels, embossable papers, and other nonwoven fabrics that are made on paper machines. Use of synthetic fibers in paper has been reviewed (103,104). 

For example, if the invention has cleaning properties it may be a composition of matter, process, or machine, all of which are patentable subject matter. If the invention performs work, it may be a process, article of manufacture, or machine, which are all patentable subject matter. It may also be that the development of a new composition results in a composition of matter and a process of using the composition, both of which are distinct, yet patentable inventions. The various types of patentable subject matter are not mutually exclusive and may be disclosed in a single patent. 

Aside from designs and plants, inventions are required to exhibit usefiilness or utiHty to be patentable. In fact, issued patents for processes, machines, compositions, and articles are often commonly referred to as "utiHty" patents. Depending on the nature of the technology, a single assertion of utiHty may suffice. In other cases, such as in the field of biotechnology, a more elaborate demonstration of utiHty may be necessary. Although utiHty maybe supported by an assertion of use, appHcation, or benefit, the assertion must be accurate and credible to ensure the enforceabiHty of any patent reHed upon to cover the invention. 

Under mechanical and environmental stresses, composites are dimensionally stable. They maintain their shape and functionaHty, a critical requirement in such appHcations as dish antennas, constmction girders, and in appHance and business machines. Color and surface texture can often be molded into an FRP product for long lasting, low maintenance permanent surface appearance. Boats are a good example. The surface color is molded in and requires minimum maintenance, an advantage in saltwater environments. 

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