Commercial disposal

Selection of the best alternative depends on the quantity of water produced, type of product, degree of contamination, air quality consideration, site-specific considerations, and local regulations. For sites that will be operational for only a short period of time, and producing a small quantity of water, hauling can sometimes be an economical alternative. The costs associated with initial cost of equipment, acquisition of permits, and continued operation must be compared with a per-unit cost of employing a commercial disposal firm. 

References to sample contaimination in the literature are numerous. Abercrombie, ef. oJ.(54) have noted that the information obtainable from ICP emission analysis warrants additional care because of the increased number of elements monitored. For example, if one were looking for boron and sodium, the use of glassware should be avoided. Certain digestion vessels that are presumed to be cleaned may not be acceptable. Polyethylene bottles (acid-soaked), for example, have been shown to continue releasing zinc from the matrix for as long as seven days(92). A number of trace elements may be leached from commercial disposable test tubes. Some of the more important contaminants include Ba, Sr, Zr, Na, K, Al, Ca and Mg. 

Hanor, J.S. (1998) Pathways of shallow subsurface migration of saline oil field wastes at a commercial disposal site in south Louisiana. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, 48, 107-18. 

The term stakeholder is often used in disposal and other aid operations. Everybody can be regarded as a stakeholder - the only variable is the level of responsibility. Generally speaking the main stakeholders are the developing country, the former manufacturer of the pesticides and the commercial disposal company, as well as the donor organisation. The duty of each partner organisation is specified in a document such as a Memorandum of Implementation, for example. 

Low-level radioachve waste (LLRW), which may contain uranium, is disposed of at DOE facilities and at commercial disposal facilities. Since 1963, six commercial LLRW facilities have operated, but only two were in operation in 1995. A 1992 report listed the total volume of LLRW buried at all 6 sites to be approximately 50 million cubic feet (Murray 1994). Only a small fraction of the LLRW contains uranium. The method of disposal for commercial and DOE LLRW has been shallow land burial, in... 

Army officials stated that their acquisition plans remain unchanged because modifying environmental permit applications to reflect the use of commercial disposal facilities or other alternative waste management... 

Contract with a licensed commercial disposal service to remove all waste. 

The containers, normally drums, offered to the transporter or used by the commercial disposal firm must be marked with an appropriate label as defined in the tables in Parts 172.101 and 172.203. No container can be marked with a label for a material not in the container. Besides these DOT labels, EPA/RCRA regulations require each container to have a label stating prominently that the container contains a hazardous waste. The EPA/RCRA label contains much of the same information found on the shipping papers or manifests generator name and address, accumulation start date, manifest number, proper shipping name, and UN or NA number. Additional information may be provided by the gai ator. An example of a hazardous waste label is shown in Figure 4.13. If the container contains a hazardous chemical related by OSHA in a substance-specific health standard, a label identifying the material and the hazard must be on the container. Labels are to be placed within 6 inches of each other and must be on the side of the container, not the top. 

In spite of this capacity, many t)q)es of laboratory mixed waste have no commercial repository. No commercial mixed waste disposal facilities exist for waste contaminated with most toxic metals (such as mercury) or for lead-contaminated oils. Commercial disposal capacity likewise does not exist for high concentrations of halogen-containing organics and other TCLP waste, such as waste that contains chloroform. 

Incineration does not destroy lead and other inorganic chemicals, and they will be emitted or concentrated in the ash. In addition, some organic chemicals form products of inconplete combustion (PICs), which may be more toxic than the chemical contaminant. Incineration of PCBs and some other chlorinated aromatics, for example, can form extremely toxic polychlorinated dibenzo[/>]dioxins and furans. Commercial disposal may be preferred for such waste. 

LI incinerators handle the various hquid streams that are being generated by the process industries. These units may be on site (at the location of the generator) or off site (at a sister facility or at a commercial disposal operation). 

Based on the fully compostability and processability, PLA has been produced into series of commercial disposable ware such as dinnerware, cups and carryout containers [60,61]. Although these products are made fix)m com, these plates are not edible and com allergies are not an issue because no trace allergens remain in the finished product. PLA conserves energy by using only about half the resources that go into traditional plastics. PLA uses mainly renewable resources in their production unlike traditional plastics, which rely on peholeiun products. Commercial PLA disposable ware is becoming more and more popular. 

Commercial disposal systems are available for the destruction of nitrogen trifluoride. Because of the potential reactivity of nitrogen trifluoride at high temperature, a thorough analysis of the temperature and chemistry of the disposal process is necessary to ensure proper safe operation. 

Commercial disposal Waste can be sent to dedicated commercial facilities for treatment and disposal. 

Strip (white area) of poly(ethylene oxide) visible on a commercial, disposable... 

Materials that have no detectable radiation levels or contamination levels are released to a commercial disposal firm for disposition as scrap or placement in a landfill. Since there are no de minimis levels authorized, any items with above backgroimd radiation levels or contamination levels is considered radioactive and is packaged and shipped to the DOE-Westinghouse Hanford site for disposal by shallow land bmial. Shipments are made by dedicated tractor-trailer. The packages are usually steel drums or M-3A bins. The bins are constructed from 12 gauge steel, with angle iron reinforcement and measure 4 x5 x6 high. 

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