America South

Although South America is a smaller player in the world petrochemical industry, three countries have significant and growing operations. The largest is Brazil (3.5 million tonnes) in six world scale operations. Feedstock for five of these is naphtha with the other based on ethane and LPG. Argentina has a nameplate capacity of 838 kt/y. Three of these plants are small local operations. Venezuela has a nameplate capacity of 600 kt/y in two operations. The operations, locations and feedstock are detailed in Table 1.15. 

Venezuela Pequiven Petrochima El Tablazo, Zuha 250000 Ethane Propane 

Deposits of Precambrian BIF, the rich iron ores of Cerro Bolivar in Venezuela (Ruckmick, 1963) and in the states of Para and Minas Gerais in Brazil (Dorr, 1969 Tolbert et al., 1973), are known. In the Sierra das Carajas area in Para, iron cherts were found not long ago in the rather inaccessible forests of the Amazon basin, and are not well known. 

In the Rio das Velhas group, iron cherts form thin lenticular bodies in Archean gneisses. The association with metavolcanic rocks and graywackes is typical of them. 

The Minas Gerais group is divided into the lower and upper clastic strata, and also the middle chemogenic Itabira strata (Dorr, 1969). The BIF are traced for a distance of about 200 km and fill a deep symmetrical syncline which plunges to the northeast. The iron-formations consist of unbanded ferruginous varieties and thin-banded hematite-carbonate itabirites. 

On the Indian platform, iron cherts constitute part of the Dharwar system, 2000-2700 m.y. old, which forms extensive synclinal zones and belts on the periphery of the Indian shield. 

From the endof WorldWar II (1945) through 1983, domestic mine production of gold did not 

State Troy Ounces Percentage of Total U.S. Production 

Land most likely subject to forest management 144.6 

Country / area Land area (10 ha) Forest area, 2000 Forest cover change, 1990-2000  

From c. 1950 industrialization began to occur in regions beyond those with a traditional industrial base. Several Asian coimtries began to establish manufacturing and became known as the Asian Tiger economies. 

A combination of cheap labour, improving educational standards and investment in infrastructure and industrial plant provided the conditions for successful economic growth in Taiwan and South Korea. These economies continue to grow and have been joined by other nations which include Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines and Indonesia. 

Coal exporters Amount (Mt) Coal importers Amount (Mt) 

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The 15W40 or 15W50 oils are the most widespread in temperate climates (Western Europe), while the 20W40 or 20W50 oils are used in relatively warm climates (Mediterranean countries. Middle East, South America). The 5W or lOW grades are used in countries having severe winters such as Scandinavia and Canada. 

Introduction and commercial application Investment opportunities in the exploration and production (E P) sector of oil and gas business are abundant. Despite areas such as the North Sea, Gulf of Mexico and the North Slope in Alaska being mature areas, there are still many new fields under development in those regions, and new areas of business interest are opening up in South America, Africa and South East Asia. Some fields which have a production history of decades are being redeveloped, such as the Pedernales Field in Venezuela. 

Bromides of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium occur in sea water (about 0.07 % bromine) but the Dead Sea contains much more (5% bromine). Salt deposits (e.g. at Stassfurt) also contain these bromides. Silver bromide, AgBr, is found in South America. 

A member of the platinum group, ruthenium occurs native with other members of the group in ores found in the Ural mountains and in North and South America. It is also found along with other platinum metals in small but commercial quantities in pentlandite of the Sudbury, Ontario, nickel-mining region, and in pyroxinite deposits of South Africa. 

Gr. rhodon, rose) Wollaston discovered rhodium in 1803-4 in crude platinum ore he presumably obtained from South America. 

Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston, Palladium is found with platinum and other metals of the platinum group in placer deposits of Russia, South America, North America, Ethiopia, and Australia. It is also found associated with the nickel-copper deposits of South Africa and Ontario. Palladium s separation from the platinum metals depends upon the type of ore in which it is found. 

Sp. platina, silver) Discovered in South America by Ulloa in 1735 and by Wood in 1741. The metal was used by pre-Columbian Indians. 

Osmium occurs in iridosule and in platinum-bearing river sands of the Urals, North America, and South America. It is also found in the nickel-bearing ores of Sudbury, Ontario region along with other platinum metals. While the quantity of platinum metals in these ores is very small, the large tonnages of nickel ores processed make commercial recovery possible. 

Com is used directly and ingredients produced from com are widely used for food in Asia, Africa, North and South America, and parts of the former USSR. Much of the com consumed in the United States is in the form of ready-to-eat cereal. 

Includes Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe (460,000 t), AustraHa, and South America. 

The world s largest producers are Perstorp AB (Sweden, United States, Italy), Hoechst Celanese Corporation (United States, Canada), Degussa (Germany), and Hercules (United States) with estimated 1989 plant capacities of 65,000, 59,000, 30,000, and 22,000 t/yr, respectively. Worldwide capacity for pentaerythritol production was 316,000 t in 1989, about half of which was from the big four companies. Most of the remainder was produced in Asia (Japan, China, India, Korea, and Taiwan), Europe (Italy, Spain), or South America (Brazil, Chile). The estimated rate of production for 1989 was about 253,000 t or about 80% of nameplate capacity. 

Crude preparations of mescaline (61) from peyote were first reported by the Spanish as they learned of its use from the natives of Mexico during the Spanish invasion of that country in the sixteenth century. The colorful history (44) of mescaline has drawn attention to its use as a hallucinogen and even today it is in use among natives of North and South America. Although in connection with dmg abuse complaints, mescaline is considered dangerous, it has been reported (45) that it is not a narcotic nor is it habituating. It was also suggested that its sacramental use in the Native American Church of the United States be permitted since it appears to provoke only visual hallucination while the subject retains clear consciousness and awareness. 

A worldwide Hst of spandex fiber and related elastomer producers is shown in Table 2. Most process developments have occurred in the United States, Germany, Japan, and Korea. A large proportion of worldwide capacity is controlled by Du Pont, either directly or through subsidiaries and joint ventures. These include three plants in North America, two in South America, two in Europe, and two in Asia. 

Vanilla. Vanilla is the dried, cured, fuU-sized, but not fully ripe fmit pods (beans) of Vanillaplanifolia And. and V. tahitensis J. W. Moore (Orchidaceae). The vine is native to the tropical rain forests of southern Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and northern South America. Plantings were started in Madagascar, Reunion, Java, Mauritius, and Zanzibar in 1840. The Madagascar-type bean is stUl the most important, but Indonesia produces more than Malagasy. The stmcture of the flower prevents self-pollination and therefore, where insects are not prevalent, hand pollination is necessary. 

Canada, the United States, and South America are the principal exporters of cryoHte and Russia and Europe import cryoHte. Primary producers in North America are Alcan, Alcoa, and Reynolds Aluminum. The 1993 price of recovered-grade cryoHte, which has as impurity, was 400/t, and of... 

South America and Africa also have about 4% of the industrial lubricant market. 

Rya.nia., The root and stem of the plant yania speciosa family Flacourtiaceae, native to South America, contain from 0.16—0.2% of iasecticidal components, the most important of which is the alkaloid ryanodine [15662-33-9] C25H250 N (8) (mp 219—220°C). This compound is effective as both a contact and a stomach poison. Ryanodine is soluble ia water, methyl alcohol, and most organic solvents but not ia petroleum oils. It is more stable to the action of air and light than pyrethmm or rotenone and has considerable residual action. Ryania has an oral LD q to the rat of 750 mg/kg. The material has shown considerable promise ia the control of the European com borer and codling moth and is used as a wettable powder of ground stems or as a methanohc extract. Ryanodine uncouples the ATP—ADP actomyosia cycle of striated muscle. 

The wodd reserves of lead are estimated at 71 x 10 t and scattered around the wodd (1). Over one-third (25 x 10 t) of this total is located in North America where the United States has, in units of 10 t, 14 Canada, 7 Mexico, 3 and other sources, 1. South America has 2 Europe, 11 Africa, 4 and Austraha, 14 X 10 t. In Asia, the former Soviet Union has 9 and the People s RepubHc of China has 6 x 10 t. The recovery of lead from scrap is of prime importance in supplying U.S. demands so that the entire reserve base is estimated at 120 x 10 t. Total wodd resources are estimated at 1.4 x 10 t. 

Vegetable-tanning materials in commercial quantities come from many different countries. Quebracho is a principal tanning material from South America. Wattie or Mimosa is suppHed from several African sources. India and other Asian countries supply a variety of materials including Myrabolans, Gall Nuts, and Tara Pods (3). 

South America s reserves are small. In Chile, which has most of the South American reserves and production, only 22,000 t was produced in 1989. 

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