Central and South America

Eastern Europe, 9.5 x 10 and Japan, 9 x 10 . Mexico, Canada, Central and South America, China, and Korea also produced oxygen (3,21—23). 

Sugarcane is cultivated ia tropical and semitropical regions, eg. Central and South America, Cuba, India, AustraUa, Africa, and the Ear East. Sugarbeets are grown ia more temperate climates such as North America, Europe, and the former Soviet Union. In some nations, eg, the United States, China, and Japan, sucrose is produced from both sources. 

Malaria affects an estimated 270 million people and causes 2—3 million deaths annually, approximately one million of which occur in children under the age of five. While primarily an affliction of the tropics and subtropics, it has occurred as far north as the Arctic Circle. The disease essentially has been eradicated in most temperate-zone countries, but some 1100 cases of malaria in U.S. citizens returning from abroad were reported to the Centers for Disease Control during 1990. Malaria is seen today in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. It is on the increase in Afghanistan, Brazil, China, India, Mexico, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. Escalation of the disease is because of the discontinued use of the insecticide DDT which effectively kills mosquito larvae, but has been found to be toxic to Hvestock and wildlife. Also, chloroquine (6), a reUable dmg for the prophylaxis and treatment of falcipamm malaria, is ineffective in many parts of the world because of the spread of dmg-resistant strains. 

Natural rubber can be obtained from the sap of a number of plants and trees, the most common source is the Hevea brasiliensis tree. Although natural rubber was known in Central and South America before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, the first use as an adhesive was established in a patent dated in 1891. As rubber became an important part of the industrial revolution, the rubber adhesives market grew in importance. To comply with the increasing demand on natural rubber materials, plantations of Hevea brasiliensis trees were established in southeast Asia in the early 20th Century, mainly to supply the demand from the automobile industry. 

Cold-hammering was used in the late Stone Age to produce plates of gold for ornamental purposes, and this metal has always been synonymous with beauty, wealth and power. Considerable quantities were accumulated by ancient peoples. The coffin of Tutankhamun (a minor Pharaoh who was only 18 when he died) contained no less than 112 kg of gold, and the legendary Aztec and Inca hoards in Mexico and Peru were a major reason for the Spanish conquests of Central and South America in the early sixteenth century. Today, the greatest hoard of gold is the 30000 tonnes of bullion (i.e. bars) lying in the vaults of the US Federal Reserve Bank... 

NOTE Tannin chemistry has been used very successfully for many years in Africa and in Central and South America, in sugar refinery boilers operating at 650 psig and higher, without any measurable breakdown in performance or detectable contamination of steam from volatiles. 

It is transmitted by mosquitoes and normally found in the Caribbean, and North, Central, and South America. It is primarily a disease of humans but may also cause mild symptoms in horses. The natural reservoirs are birds and mosquitoes. Mosquitoes remain infective for life. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. It can survive in aerosol form for up to 6 h at room temperature. 

It is a highly virulent soil-fungus that is thermally dimorphic, existing in both a mold and yeast form. It is normally found in soils in the southwest United States, northern Mexico, and certain areas in Central and South America. Does not cause clinical disease in cattle, sheep, and pigs. However, it may cause fatalities in dogs and sometimes in cats. This is a biosafety level 3 agent. Stable to drying. 

The proportion of areas with different precipitation rates varies from continent to continent. For instance, different arid ecosystems, from Dry Savanna to Extra-Dry Desert, are predominant in India and Australia. To a lesser degree these ecosystems occur in Central and South America. In an equatorial belt of Africa, the distribution of areas with different precipitation is shown in Table 1. 

The United States has not seen any naturally occurring cases since the 1940s, However, tt i still commonly seen among domestic animals in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Central and South America. 

Geographically, the disease is endemic in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Central and South America. 

Mescaline and related alkaloids are found in varying amounts in cacti of the genera Lophophora, Gymnacalycium, Stensonia, Mammillaria, Ariocarpus, Opuntia, Trichocereus, Pelecyphora, and probably others. Members of the Native American Church do quite well with the dried cactus, but extraction of mescaline is desirable since the pure compound seems to produce fewer unpleasant side effects (e.g., nausea). For an excellent review on the occurrence and chemistry of the mescaline type compounds, see JPS 59,1699(1970) (cf. JPS 60,655(1971)). Various species of these cacti occur in southwestern U.S. as well as Central and South America and have been used by the Aztecs and others for millennia. For a good review of peyote see Lloydia 36,1-58(1973). 

The leaves of various Heimia species (sinicuichi to the natives), found in the highlands of Central and South America, are reputedly psychedelic. One species is also found in the southern US. The hallucinations are mainly auditory and the active compound appears to be cryogenine (vertine). 

Compared to the intensity of such research in North America, it is surprising to see how relatively little work has been done in Central and South America. 

Depending on how one defines reserves and stranded , estimates of stranded gas vary from 25 to 250 Tm3 (Fischer, 2001). Most publications estimate that between 50% and 60% of the world s proven conventional gas reserves can be considered stranded, i.e., between 90 and 110 Tm3. According to the IEA (2005), the distribution of stranded gas by region is as follows 53% Middle East, 20% CIS, 8% Africa, 7% Central and South America, 12% other areas. 

Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Springer, 233 Spring Street, New York, USA... 

Oral exposure to cyanide usually results from accidental, homicidal, or suicidal ingestion of cyanide salts. Sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide are the most frequently studied cyanide compounds. Copper cyanide, potassium silver cyanide, silver cyanide, and calcium cyanide are other compounds that humans could encounter through oral or dermal exposure. Cassava roots and certain fruit pits contain compounds that can be broken down to form cyanide. Cassava roots form the staple diet of some populations in Africa, Central and South America, and Asia. However, it must be noted that cassava roots are notoriously deficient in protein and other nutrients and contain many other compounds, in addition to cyanide, that could be responsible for some of the observed toxic effects. Thiocyanate is a metabolite of cyanide that is formed in the body after exposure to cyanide compounds. When possible, all oral exposures are expressed as mg CN/kg/day. 

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