Production history

The production history of an older well or one that has been producing for a considerable time must be reviewed carefully in the initial part of the well assessment process. A sudden sharp decline in production is the strongest indicator of damage. Often, it is indicative of migration of mobile formation fines in the near-wellbore region. Similarly, in a new well, a good drill-stem 

There are several possible production damage mechanisms, depending on the type ofwell (oil or gas) and the formation characteristics. Such damage contributors include the following  

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The slope of the expectation curve indicates the range of uncertainty In the parameter presented a broad expectation curve represents a large range of uncertainty, and a steep expectation curve represents a field with little uncertainty (typical of fields which have much appraisal data, or production history). 

Introduction and commercial application Investment opportunities in the exploration and production (E P) sector of oil and gas business are abundant. Despite areas such as the North Sea, Gulf of Mexico and the North Slope in Alaska being mature areas, there are still many new fields under development in those regions, and new areas of business interest are opening up in South America, Africa and South East Asia. Some fields which have a production history of decades are being redeveloped, such as the Pedernales Field in Venezuela. 

Phthalocyanine pigments account for approximately 23% of the total worldwide organic pigment consumption of 225,000 tons. Approximately 20,000 t are used in printing inks, 10,000 t in paints, 9,000 t in plastics, 3,000 t in textiles, 7,000 t in dyes, and 2,000 t in specialty uses. Table 1 shows the worldwide distribution of cmde phthalocyanine capacity. The production history of phthalocyanine in the United States from 1980 to 1990 is given in Table 2 (161). The 1990 prices of phthalocyanine blue and green pigments were ca 11—22/kg and 21—27/kg, respectively. 

Finally, the importance of quinolinium salts to dye chemistry accounts for the long, productive history of their synthesis. The reaction of A/-methylformanihde with ketones, aldehydes, ketone enamines, or enol acetates in phosphoryl chloride leads to high yields of /V-methylquinolinium salts (60). 

Table 3. Worldwide Nitrile Rubber Production History ...

Once wells have been drilled into the formation, the local properties of the reservoir rocks and fluids can be determined. To constmct a realistic model of the reservoir, its properties over its total extent— not just at the well sites—must be known. One way of estimating these properties is to match production histories at the wells with those predicted by the reservoir model. This is a classic ill-posed inverse problem that is very difficult to solve. 

Can the application or system be used for product/sample recall, reconciliation, stock tracing, product history, or product-related customer complaints ... 

Eppley RW (1989) New production history, methods, problems. In Productivity of the ocean Present and past. Berger WH, Smetacek VS, Wefer G (eds) John Wiley Sons, Chichester, p 85-97 Feely RA, Sabine CL, Takahashi T, Wanninfhof R (2001) Uptake and storage of carbon dioxide in the ocean The Global CO2 Survey. Oceanogr 14 18-32... 

For some drugs, especially experimental ones, not only is each batch analyzed separately but it can never be combined with other batches. When it is packaged, it is labeled with the batch number and the analysis. For these pharmaceuticals a record must be retained of the complete production history, as well as of the results of all tests. All samples taken from the batch must also be kept. Then, should some odd reaction occur in a patient, all the information about the batch is available to... 

Figure 9. Production History of 5% PV Micellar Slug B4 and 50% PV Buffer Injected at 1.41 m/day...

Using the actual C02 production history, Oeschger et al., [26] calculated for the Suess effect in 1950 a value of -2.0 percent. This is essentially in agreement with the measurements [44], though 14C fluctuations due to 14C production rate variation make a precise determination of the Suess effect difficult. 

The pharmacopeias have worked with the ICH process to facilitate the international environment of pharmaceutical research and product registration. On the other hand, the additional situation for compendia is that the standards which they have published now apply to all of the already marketed products. In that case a company has testing history and product history in their quality control departments. These are the most conservative elements within the pharmaceutical industry as is necessary to their task. Quality control departments are reluctant to change methods when they feel that their products are properly represented by the current of tests. Therefore, a tension is ereated between trying to develop harmonized standards, which facilitate one area of activity in the world of pharmaeeutieals, and not disturbing a satisfactory marketplace. A vast amount of progress has been made in the harmonization of phar-maeopeial methods. 

Avoid making a new polymer, keep blending the one with a long production history with other available materials, until the desired properties are obtained. 

The site used for obtaining information for this book. Use this site to explore further details about the company and its products, history, management structure, subsidiaries, investor information and other useful background. Some companies, particularly Japanese chemical firms, have nifty tutorials about their products and manufacturing processes. 

Documentation requirements are predicated on the types of batches to be manufactured at the pilot facility. For the development of novel formulations, laboratory notebooks are the primary source of documentation. Room and equipment logbooks should be maintained. Personnel training records and SOPs must also be maintained. Once the facility is used for the larger-scale batches described earlier, what was recommended now becomes required. Manufacturing runs need to be documented accurately, preferably in batch records. Logbooks should maintain an accurate record of the product history in rooms and equipment. At this level of manufacturing, it is also important that personnel training records be kept. These... 

EXAMPLE 9—1 Estimate bubble-point pressure from the pressure-production history of Figure 9—2. 

The following pressure-production history is available for an oil well. The producing gas-oil ratio is calculated with sales-gas volumes, i.e., stock-tank gas is vented and not measured. The separator operates at 67°F and 100 psig the specific gravity of the separator gas is 0.788, and the gravity of the stock-tank oil is 46.0° API. Estimate the bubble-point pressure and the solution gas-oil ratio at the bubble point for this black oil. Compare your answers with laboratory data which indicate a bubble-point pressure of 1928 psig and a solution gas-oil ratio at the bubble point of 623 scf/STB. 

An oil field with several wells has the following production history. Producing gas-oil ratio is really separator gas-oil ratio stock-tank gas is vented and not metered. Separator conditions are... 

The pressure-production history for the oil field of Exercise 9-2 is given below. Estimate bubble-point pressure. Compare your answer with laboratory results of 1441 psig. 

Figure 11-1 gives a correlation for bubble-point pressure.1 3 The correlation is entered with solution gas-oil ratio derived from early production history. If the information is based on gas sales, the gas-oil ratio must be adjusted for stock-tank vent gas and for any gas lost or used in surface operations. 

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