Solvents toxicity profile

Solvents. Solvents in house paints serve several essential purposes. They keep the binder dispersed or dissolved and the pigments dispersed in an easy-to-use state. Solvents allow the paint to be appHed in the correct thickness and uniformity, and evaporate from the paint film after the paint is apphed. Solvent choice is limited mainly to a solvent that is compatible with the binder system and that has the desked evaporation rate and toxicity profile. The volatility or evaporation rate of a solvent determines to a large extent the open-time and dry-time properties of a paint (6). 

In a majority of instances, particularly with pesticides, combinations of chemicals (e.g., organic solvents, mineral oils) are mixed to enhance the chemical toxicity. Consequently, the toxicity profile is altered. Lipophilicity modulates the absorption rate of the chemical from the site of entry into the system (lung, skin, mucous membrane). Thus, the fat-solubility pattern of a test chemical helps for easy cell membrane transport to reach the active site of intracellular enzymes and trigger possible toxic effects. The toxicity profile of active ingredients of pesticides and those of formulated products of pesticides differ widely. 

IPC proved valnable for estimating peptide hydrophobicity [13]. Pharmaceutical science utilized IPC to monitor rat serum esterase activities [14] and also to analyze relationship between plasma concentrations at the end of infusion and toxicity profiles of fixed-dose-rate gemcitabine plus carboplatin [15]. An IPC trap was also used in an online desalting-mass spectrometry system. This system allows ionic compounds in a nonvolatile buffer to be introduced into a MS for strutural elucidation. The trap column was equilibrated with a volatile IPR, the target analyte and the nonvolatile buffer ions (phosphate and sodium ions) were transferred into the trap column, but only the target analyte that interacts with the volative IPR can be retained phospahte buffer ion were eluted from the trap column and the target analyte was eluted by oragnic solvent in a backflush mode and introduced into the MS. 

Quantitative data on skin-irritant properties (Table 3), percutaneous absorption and systemic toxicity must be balanced against the technical requirements of a solvent. It is self-evident that those with the most favourable toxicity profile should be chosen. 

In the first half of the last century, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform were also used as cleaning solvents until their toxicity profiles became better recognized. 

As has been noted previously, NADES composed of natural compounds are sustainable and biodegradable and exhibit an acceptable pharmaceutical toxicity profile and a high solubilization power of substances of diverse polarity. It is all these excellent characteristic features that have made NADES very interesting alternatives to the currently used toxic organic solvents and synthetie ILs. NADESs hold a tremendous potential of applications they can be utilized as truly green solvents for extraetions, synthetic organic chemistry, and enzymatie reaetions. 

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ASTDR) Toxicological Profile for Stoddard Solvent. 135pp. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1995... 

Volatile solvent residues in dmgs are leftovers of organic compounds used in the synthesis of either the active substance or the final formulation. Organic solvents play an important role in the pharmaceutical industry, but unfortunately many of them are toxic for humans and for the environment. Total removal of these solvents from final products is not always possible, which is why there is a need to establish their profiles [90]. 

SAFETY PROFILE May contain benzene or other toxic solvents. See specific constiment. Dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame can react with oxidizing materials. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion, skin contact, and intravenous routes. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Questionable carcinogen. Mutation data reported. A central nervous system stimulant. Highly toxic to birds, fish, and humans. Many cases of fatal poisoning have been attributed to it. Does not accumulate in human tissue. In humans, ingestion of 1 mg/kg has caused symptoms. A dangerous fire hazard. Mixtures with parathion dissolve very exothermically in petroleum solvents and may cause an air-vapor explosion. See also ALDRIN. 

SAFETY PROFILE Moderately toxic by ingestion. Mildly toxic by inhalation. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. An eye irritant. An aprotic solvent. A very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame can react with oxidizing materials. To fight fire, use CO2, dry chemical. See also GLYCOL ETHERS and various ceUosolve entries. 

SAFETY PROFILE Moderately toxic by ingestion, skin contact, and intraperitoneal routes. A severe eye and mild skin irritant. Dangerous fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizing materials. Used as a flotation agent, a solvent, and in organic synthesis. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. See also ALCOHOLS. 

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