Solubilizing power

Carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate, and phosphate ate the polar, solubilizing groups found in most anionic surfactants. In dilute solutions of soft water, these groups ate combined with a 12—15 carbon chain hydrophobe for best surfactant properties. In neutral or acidic media, or in the presence of heavy-metal salts, eg, Ca, the carboxylate group loses most of its solubilizing power. 

The development of CO2 fixation reactions in supercritical CO2 attracts increasing attention due to its gas-like low viscosities and high diffusivities and its liquid-like solubilizing power. Matsuda et al. attempted to carry out the con-... 

As well as density the solvent strength and selectivity of the fluid will affect both the solubilizing power of the fluid for specific solutes and retention in SFC. Solvatochromic indicators have been used to rank fluids commonly used in SFC in terms of... 

The Suzuki coupling of soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG)-bound bromothiophene 71 and p-formylphenylboronic acid provided biaryl 72 [56]. Due to the high solubilizing power of PEG, the reaction was conducted as a liquid-phase synthesis. Treatment of 72 with o-pyridinediaminc resulted in a two-step-one-pot heterocyclization through an imine intermediate. Nitrobenzene served as an oxidant in the ring closure step. Finally, transesterification with NaOMe in MeOH resulted in l//-imidazole[4,5-e]pyridine 73. 

An important advantage of using SDS to denature polypeptides is the solubilizing power of the detergent. This property allows for the study of proteins (e.g., membrane proteins) that easily precipitate under most other conditions. 

Abstract The present contribution highlights the relationship between SCCO2 properties, its solubilization power, and its use as a reaction medium for homogeneous catalysis. Current research activities under the lighthouse project Smart Solvents, Smart Ligands are presented, the focus being on criteria of conducting catalyzed processes in future applications. 

In his treatment and in the subsequent ones the hydrotropes were investigated for their solubilizing power in aqueous solutions (2-6). 

The physical properties of many macrocyclic polyethers and their salt complexes have been already described. - Dibenzo-18-crown-6 polyether is useful for the preparation of sharpmelting salt complexes. Dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 polyether has the convenient property of solubilizing sodium and potassium salts in aprotic solvents, as exemplified by the formation of a toluene solution of the potassium hydroxide complex (Note 13). Crystals of potassium permanganate, potassium Lbutoxide, and potassium palladium(II) tetrachloride (PdClj + KCl) can be made to dissolve in liquid aromatic hydrocarbons merely by adding dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 polyether. The solubilizing power of the saturated macrocyclic polyethers permits ionic reactions to occur in aprotic media. It is expected that this [)ropcrty will find practical use in catalysis, enhancement of... 

The introduction of the HP substituent did increase the water solubility of the CD 40-fold over the parent P-CD while retaining much of the solubilizing power of the P-CD cavity. The new derivative did demonstrate improved renal safety allowing for the utilization of this CD in both oral and parenteral product development. 

Thus, the chemical acts in two steps. The first step is surface contact with spreading. This depends not only on form and viscosity for liquids but also on solubilizing power for gases and solids. After this first step, which can be very quick for corrosive products, about 10 s, there is a second step penetration. 

Using solvents of low polarity also minimizes the fonnation of methylthiomethyl ethers.6 That is why, oxidations with activated DMSO are normally carried out in CH2CI2, a solvent of low polarity possessing good solubilizing power. 

Additionally, it must be mentioned that the formation of methylthio-methyl ethers in oxidations with activated DMSO is minimized by the use of solvents of low polarity.123 Hence, the routine use of CH2CI2—which possesses a good balance of solubilizing power versus low polarity—is practiced in Omura-Sharma-Swern and MofTatt oxidations. The formation of side compounds—both trifluoroacetates and methylthiomethyl ethers—is decreased by using more diluted reaction conditions under Procedure C, while concentration has little effect on the yield in oxidations performed under Procedure A.124... 

As in other Moffatt oxidations, a Corey-Kim oxidation may produce minor amounts of methylthiomethyl ethers. These can be minimized by using a solvent of low polarity, like toluene.248a Nonetheless, very often dichloromethane is used, because of its better solubilizing power. Almost always triethylamine is used as base. 

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