Solvents amyl alcohol

Salt Solubility, Grams per 100 Grams Solvent Amyl Alcohol... 

Non-solvent - amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, heptane, isopropyl alcohol ... 

The poly 6 -a,jS-dimethoxysuccinate was crystalline. The early works in this field since 1965 are due to the Overberger group [120—121] which describe the synthesis of OA poly-methyl-substitued-e-caprolactones (XLIXa, b, c) and of their model compounds via the lactone. An aluminum-triisobutyl/water co-catalyst system converts them into high molecular weight polymers. No special conformation was detected for these polymers in solution, as there is a linear decrease in the ratio of the Cotton effect extrema for the 8-methyl polymer and its model compound as a function of decreasing size, and absence of any Cotton effect for the 7-methyl and the 6-methyl polymer in good (tetrafluroethanol) or poor solvents ( -amyl alcohol and dioxane). The Drude equation was followed in all solvents studied and the values correspond to those UV bands which are optically active. 

This secondary amyl alcohol (2-pentanol) is a commercial product (Sharpies Solvent Corporation, etc.). 

In addition to high aqueous solubility (7% at 30°C and 38% at 100°C), HgCl2 is very soluble in methyl alcohol (53% at 36°C), ethyl alcohol (34% at 31°C), and amyl alcohol (ca 10% at 30°C). It also is soluble in acetone, formic acid, the lower acetate esters, and other polar organic solvents. 

Among the properties sought in the solvent are low cost, avadabihty, stabiUty, low volatiUty at ambient temperature, limited miscibility in aqueous systems present in the process, no solvent capacity for the salts, good solvent capacity for the acids, and sufficient difference in distribution coefficient of the two acids to permit their separation in the solvent-extraction operation. Practical solvents are C, C, and alcohols. For industrial process, alcohols are the best choice (see Amyl alcohols). Small quantities of potassium nitrate continue to be produced from natural sources, eg, the caUche deposits in Chile. 

The odd-carbon stmcture and the extent of branching provide amyl alcohols with unique physical and solubiUty properties and often offer ideal properties for solvent, surfactant, extraction, gasoline additive, and fragrance appHcations. Amyl alcohols have been produced by various commercial processes ia past years. Today the most important iadustrial process is low pressure rhodium-cataly2ed hydroformylation (oxo process) of butenes. 

With the exception of neopentyl alcohol (mp 53°C), the amyl alcohols are clear, colorless Hquids under atmospheric conditions, with characteristic, slightly pungent and penetrating odors. They have relatively higher boiling poiats than ketonic or hydrocarbon counterparts and are considered iatermediate boiling solvents for coating systems (Table 1) (1—16). 

Like the lower alcohols, amyl alcohols are completely miscible with numerous organic solvents and are excellent solvents for nitrocellulose, resia lacquers, higher esters, and various natural and synthetic gums and resius. However, iu contrast to the lower alcohols, they are only slightly soluble iu water. Only 2-methyl-2-butanol exhibits significant water solubiUty. As associated Hquids, amyl alcohols form a2eotropes with water and//or a variety of organic compounds (Table 3). 

As solvents, the amyl alcohols are intermediate between hydrocarbon and the more water-miscible lower alcohol and ketone solvents. Eor example, they are good solvents and diluents for lacquers, hydrolytic fluids, dispersing agents in textile printing inks, industrial cleaning compounds, natural oils such as linseed and castor, synthetic resins such as alkyds, phenoHcs, urea —formaldehyde maleics, and adipates, and naturally occurring gums, such as shellac, paraffin waxes, rosin, and manila. In solvent mixtures they dissolve cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, and ceUulosic ethers. 

The principal component of primary amyl alcohol, 1-pentanol, although itself a good solvent, is useful for the preparation of specific chemicals such as pharmaceuticals and other synthetics (153,154). Production of primary amyl acetate and its esters for solvent appHcations has seen low growth since the 1970s because of the decline of nitroceUulose lacquers and the introduction of new solvent systems. 

Nicotinamide is a colorless, crystalline solid. It is very soluble in water (1 g is soluble in 1 mL of water) and in 95% ethanol (1 g is soluble in 1.5 mL of solvent). The compound is soluble in butanol, amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, acetone, and chloroform, but is only slightly soluble in ether or benzene. Physical properties are Hsted in Table 1. 

The main use of the amyl alcohols is as esters such as acetates for solvents. 

There are instances where an extractive solvent is employed to force completion of a reversible homogeneous reaction by removing the reaction product. In the production of KNO3 from KCl and HNO3, for instance, the HCl can be removed continuously from the aqueous phase by contact with amyl alcohol, thus forcing completion (Baniel and Blumberg, Chim. Ind, 4, 27 [1957]). 

The solubility of many steroids in ammonia-tetrahydrofuran-/-butyl alcohol is about 0.06 A/, a higher concentration than has been reported in other solvent systems. Still higher concentrations may be possible in particular cases by suitable variation in the solvent ratios Procedure 3 (section V) describes such a reduction of estradiol 3-methyl ether at a 0.12 M concentration. A few steriods such as the dimethyl and diethyl ketals of estrone methyl ether are poorly soluble in ammonia-tetrahydrofuran-/-buty] alcohol and cannot be reduced successfully at a concentration of 0.06 even with a 6 hour reduction period. The diethyl ketal of estrone methyl ether is reduced successfully at 0.12 M concentration using a two-phase solvent system of ammonia-/-amyl alcohol-methylcyclohexane (Procedure 4, section V). This mixture probably would be useful for any nonpolar steroid that is poorly soluble in polar solvents but is readily soluble in hydrocarbons. 

A macroporous polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, produced by copolymerizing a mixture of styrene and divinylbenzene, is dissolved in an organic liquid such as t-amyl alcohol or isooctane, which is a solvent for monomers. This solvent is unable to substantially swell the resulting copolymer. Macroporous cation-exchange beads are also produced from these macroporous copolymers (25,26). 

Finally the mother liquor can be extracted by solvents (such as n-amyl alcohol) or passed through a suitable ion exchange resin. Elution is by mineral salts to yield a crude grade mixture. 

Of course, the influence of organic solvents on enzyme enantioselectivity is not limited to proteases but it is a general phenomenon. Quite soon, different research groups described the results obtained with lipases [28]. For instance, the resolution of the mucolytic drug ( )-trans-sobrerol (11) was achieved by transesteriflcation with vinyl acetate catalyzed by the lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia adsorbed on celite in various solvents. As depicted in Scheme 1.3 and Table 1.5, it was found that t-amyl alcohol was the solvent of choice in this medium, the selectivity was so high ( >500) that the reaction stopped spontaneously at 50% conversion giving both +)4rans-sobrerol and (—)-trans-sobrerol monoacetate in 100% optical purity [29]. 

Note The following solvent systems were tried but gave no separation dioxane/water (7 3, v/v) n-butanol saturated with water amyl alcohol/ace-tone/water/benzyl amine (40 35 20 5, v/v) 2,6-lutidine/water/ethnol/diethylamine (55 25 20 1, v/v). 

The reaction conditions were optimized to afford clean coupling of enol tosylate 32 using only a slight excess of amide 24 (1.05equiv) at 100 °C, 5mol% Pd2(dba)3/ dppb catalyst, and a toluene/tert-amyl alcohol solvent system. Even under the harsh reaction conditions required for complete conversion of the tosylate (100 °C, 20 h) no detectable E/Z isomerization was seen, providing further proof that the hindered nature of the enamide aids stability to isomerization. Treatment of the mixture with activated carbon (Darco KB-B) at the end of the reaction followed by isolation of the product by crystallization, afforded enamide 22 in 92% isolated yield. 

Biologically formed D-glucosone phosphate has been separated from d-glucosone by paper chromatography, using ethyl acetate-amyl alcohol-formamide (1 2 3) as developer. This solvent mixture does not completely separate D-glucosone phosphate from D-glucose 6-phosphate and D-fructose 1-phosphate.16... 

Flynn and Meeham [55] have described a solvent extraction phosphomolyb-date method using iso-amyl-alcohol for monitoring the concentration of 32-phosphorus in sea and coastal waters near nuclear generating stations. 

Phorex [Phosphoric acid extraction] A process for purifying phosphoric acid by solvent extraction with -butyl or n-amyl alcohol. Developed by Azote et Produits Chimiques, France. 

Isoamyl ether and -amyl ether formed In preparation of amyl alcohols from amyl chloride very slightly soluble In water used mainly as a solvent. am-al e-thar) amyl mercaptan org chem C5H11SH A colorless to light yellow liquid with a boiling range of 104-130°C soluble In alcohol used In odorant for detecting gas line leaks. am-ol mor kapitan ... 

Uses Denaturant for ethyl alcohol solvent for paints, varnishes, cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose lacquers, resins, fats, oils, and waxes preparation of methyl amyl alcohol in hydraulic fluids and antifreeze extraction of uranium from fission products organic synthesis. 

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