Generality of the Phenomenon

In order to reexamine this question, AL/N mouse embryo cells were infected with SV40 and a number of clones, both T-antigen-positive and -negative, were isolated and subcultured (unpublished 

Transformation of Mouse Cells by RNA Tumor Viruses and Other 

TABLE VIII. Levels of Ganglioside Glycosyltransferases during the Transformation of Swiss 3T3 Cells by Murine Sarcoma Virus 

These experiments demonstrate that a mass transformation of mouse cells with an RNA tumor virus can directly and quantitatively result in a specific block in ganglioside biosynthesis. In this case, the reduction of aminosugar transferase activity was similar to that observed in DNA-virus-transformed mouse cells. This change is also a consequence of viral transformation and not productive infection. 

By what mechanism can the insertion of a tumor virus genome into host cell DNA (Sambrook et aL, 1968) affect the activity of a host cell enzyme Possibilities exist at the levels of DNA transcription, messenger RNA translation, and expression of enzyme activity. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the regulation of gene expression in mammalian cells 

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We show that the exciplex states that form at the interface between F8 and PFB can be thermally excited to form bulk excitons. This is observed as delayed PFB exciton emission in time-resolved photoluminescence measurements. These findings are analogous to those presented for PFB F8BT and TFB F8BT interfaces in the previous section and therefore support the generality of the phenomenon of endothermic exciplex-to-exciton energy transfer in polyfluorene blends. 

These rmusual results led me to consider the generality of the phenomenon and the mechanistic rationale. Two further examples are shown in Equations 1.10 and 1.11. That in Equation 1.10 is parallel to the phosphate reaction of Havinga et al., except that a trityl cation is expelled rather than a phosphate moiety. And, it was again formd that the meta isomer was more reactive than the para isomer. 

The reaction of cyclohex-2-enones with sulphuryl chlorofluoride provides a useful preparation of compounds of type (43). Reaction with SOjClj was also shown to occur exclusively by the pathway indicated in Scheme 1. The generality of the phenomenon of regioselectivity in the aluminium hydride reduction of oximes has been confirmed.Thus the Z-isomer of 3-methylcyclohexenone oxime gives... 

The generality of the phenomenon to be understood was the reason which has convinced us of the need to perform a detailed spectroscopic study on the simplest system, n-nonadecane which shows the largest temperature range for the existence of the a phase. 

We have concentrated on the phenomenon of aromaticity as applied to benzene and larger and smaller polyenes. We saw two experimental methods of evaluating the stabilization of aromaticity quantitatively, and with the ud of Hiickel s insight, we found a generalization of the phenomenon. Now we move on to ways of varying the structure of our prototypal example, benzene, and then take a quick look at reactivity. 

Tables 1, 2, and 3 show the properties of many compositions which have characteristics that we associate with nematic, liquid crystalline melts. Several of the compositions were obtained by modification of the copolyester of I and II by replacement of a fraction of I or II by other planar, para-substituted moieties expected to yield liquid crystalline polymers. Although the examples represent only a small fraction of the many compositions prepared, they clearly illustrate the generality of the phenomenon under study. As the number of dicarboxylate and diol moieties increases, the number of distinct repeat units, i.e., pairs connected in the sense of urits II, III, or IV, grows as m n, where m is the number of dicarboxylates and n is the number of diols. Therefore, several of the copolymers have five distinct repeat units potentially present. We have synthesized liquid crystalline polymers having as many as eight different repeat units, so complexity of composition does not appear to severely limit the pol3nners which can exhibit the behavior.

We then assessed the generality of the phenomenon across the remaining osAkt2 and osAkt3 isoforms and again observed hyper-phoq)hoiylation of these isoforms, which demonstrates that hyper-pho horylation is consistendy induced on all the isoforms of Akt by ATP-oompetitive Akt inhibitors (Fig. 2d). 

If a surface, typically a metal surface, is irradiated with a probe beam of photons, electrons, or ions (usually positive ions), one generally finds that photons, electrons, and ions are produced in various combinations. A particular method consists of using a particular type of probe beam and detecting a particular type of produced species. The method becomes a spectroscopic one if the intensity or efficiency of the phenomenon is studied as a function of the energy of the produced species at constant probe beam energy, or vice versa. Quite a few combinations are possible, as is evident from the listing in Table VIII-1, and only a few are considered here. 

Few, if any, failure mechanisms have received as much attention as stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). Yet despite an enormous research effort over many years, an acceptable, generalized theory that satisfactorily explains all elements of the phenomenon has not been produced. SCC is a complex failure mechanism. Nevertheless, its basic characteristics are well known, and a wealth of practical experience permits at least a moderately comfortable working knowledge of the phenomenon. 

The discovery and detailed investigations of the phenomenon of fluorescence is generally considered the main contribution of Edmond Becquerel. It had the further impact of leading later to the discovery of radioactivity by his son Henri, as Henri continued th ese studies, including among the substances examined salts of uranium. 

The question of the conditions to be satisfied by a moving fluid in contact with a solid body was one of considerable difficulty for quite some time, as pointed out by Goldstein (1965), and the assumption of no-slip is now generally accepted for practical purposes. On the other hand, if we can make an artificial solid surface where there is very little interaction between the surface and the liquid in contact with it, slip would be appreciable for liquid flow. The analysis of the phenomenon was presented by Watanabe et al. (1999). 

When a nucleus is placed in a flux of neutrons, it may capture another neutron. It thus is often unstable toward further decay by j3 -emission. The induced radioactivity is critical to the study of chemical consequences of neutron capture, since so few of these new nuclei are produced that generally they cannot be observed by any other means. This radioactivity is not, however, a part of the phenomenon which we wish to observe and, moreover, is occasionally a distraction. 

A comparison with Burchard s first cumulant calculations shows qualitative agreement, in particular with respect to the position of the minimum. Quantitatively, however, important differences are obvious. Both the sharpness as well as the amplitude of the phenomenon are underestimated. These deviations may originate from an overestimation of the hydrodynamic interaction between segments. Since a star of high f internally compromises a semi-dilute solution, the back-flow field of solvent molecules will be partly screened [40,117]. Thus, the effects of hydrodynamic interaction, which in general eases the renormalization effects owing to S(Q) [152], are expected to be weaker than assumed in the cumulant calculations and thus the minimum should be more pronounced than calculated. Furthermore, since for Gaussian chains the relaxation rate decreases... 

Given the complementary nature of molecular recognition, it would appear that, when a compound crystallizes, the crystallization pathway, and hence the crystal structure obtained, should be quite specific to the molecule in question. However, the very existence of the phenomenon of polymorphism indicates that, under certain conditions, alternative crystallization pathways are feasible. In the special circumstance of concomitant polymorphism, or the simultaneous appearance of polymorphic forms in the same crystallization batch, these pathways even co-exist.1321 So, in general, the study of polymorphic systems has a bearing on a better... 

As mentioned above, titration methods have also been adapted to calorimeters whose working principle relies on the detection of a heat flow to or from the calorimetric vessel, as a result of the phenomenon under study [195-196,206], Heat flow calorimetry was discussed in chapter 9, where two general modes of operation were presented. In some instruments, the heat flow rate between the calorimetric vessel and a heat sink is measured by use of thermopiles. Others, such as the calorimeter in figure 11.1, are based on a power compensation mechanism that enables operation under isothermal conditions. 

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