Solids mass density

Pq -s] is introduced here, po means the bulk solid mass density in the filling state, and the exponent )/ for the simulation is calibrated with experimental data. The main influence of the parameter / to the density-depended dynamic vi.scous parameter/i is shown in Figure (1). 

Tlocciilant addition rate can be regulated in proportion to the thickener oliirnetric feed rate or solids mass How in a feed-fonvard mode, or in a feed-back mode on either rake torque, iindertlow density, settling solids (sludge) bed le el, or solids settling rate. Of these, feed-fonvard on mass How or feed-back on bed le el are probably the most common. In some feed-fonvard schemes, the ratio multiplier is trimmed by one of the other parameters. 

Density Gauges These are used to measure the density or suspended solids content of the feed and underflow streams. Gamma radiation devices are the most commonly used for automatic control, but ultrasonic devices are effective in the lower range of slurry density. Marcy pulp density scales are an effective manually operated device. A solids mass flow indication is usually obtained by combining a density gauge output with the output from a flowmeter. 

In the solid state, the Ceo molecules crystallize into a cubic structure with a lattice constant of 14.17A, a nearest neighbor Ceo-Ceo distance of 10.02A [41], and a mass density of 1.72 g/cm (corresponding to 1.44 Ceo... 

Density. Density is the mass of unit volume at a given temperature. For solid resins, density is evaluated according to DIN 51 757 at 20°C, whereas for liquid resins DIN 1995 U2 at 20°C is more appropriate. Densities of resins usually are in the range 0.88 to 1.15 g/cm. ... 

When trying to understand and to manipulate matter and materials, chemistry does not start by looking at the natural world in all its complexity. Rather, it seeks to establish what have been termed exemplar phenomena ideal or simplified examples that are capable of investigation with the tools available at the time (Gilbert, Borrlter, Elmer, 2000). This level consists of representatiorrs of the empirical properties of solids, liquids (taken to include solutions, especially aqueous solutiorts), colloids, gases and aerosols. These properties are perceptible in chemistry laboratories and in everyday life and are therefore able to be meastrred. Examples of such properties are mass, density, concentration, pH, temperatrrre and osmotic presstrre. 

The principal experimental method used to measure the density of a solid is determination of the mass of liquid displaced by a known mass of solid. It is essential that the solid have no appreciable solubility in the liquid, that all occluded air be removed from the solid and that the density of the displacement fluid be less than that of the solid lest the solid float. Densities of crystalline solids also can be determined from the dimensions of the unit cell. Davis and Koch discuss other methods for measuring the density of liquids and solids such as hydrostatic weighing of a buoy and flotation methods. 

The data of Fig. 20 also point out an interesting phenomenon—while the heat transfer coefficients at bed wall and bed centerline both correlate with suspension density, their correlations are quantitatively different. This strongly suggests that the cross-sectional solid concentration is an important, but not primary parameter. Dou et al. speculated that the difference may be attributed to variations in the local solid concentration across the diameter of the fast fluidized bed. They show that when the cross-sectional averaged density is modified by an empirical radial distribution to obtain local suspension densities, the heat transfer coefficient indeed than correlates as a single function with local suspension density. This is shown in Fig. 21 where the two sets of data for different radial positions now correlate as a single function with local mixture density. The conclusion is That the convective heat transfer coefficient for surfaces in a fast fluidized bed is determined primarily by the local two-phase mixture density (solid concentration) at the location of that surface, for any given type of particle. The early observed parametric effects of elevation, gas velocity, solid mass flux, and radial position are all secondary to this primary functional dependence. 

Volumetric versus mass densities achieved by various hydrogen-storage technologies. (Modified from Conte, M., Prosini, P., and Passerini, S., Mater. Sci. Eng. B Solid-State Mater. Adv. Technol., B108(l-2), 2-8, 2004.)... 

A slurry containing 50 per cent by mass of solids of density 2600 kg/m3 is to be filtered on a rotary drum filter, 2.25 m in diameter and 2.5 m long, which operates with 35 per cent of its surface immersed in the slurry and under a vacuum of 600 mm Hg. A laboratory test on a sample of the slurry, using a leaf filter with an area of 100 cm2 and covered with a cloth similar to that used on the drum, produced 220 cm3 of filtrate in the first minute and 120 cm3 of filtrate in the next minute when the leaf was under a vacuum of 550 mm Hg. The bulk density of the wet cake was 1600 kg/m3 and the density of the filtrate was 1000 kg/m3. 

Mass of solids in filter cake = (1 — e)Alps, where ps is the density of the solids Mass of liquid retained in the filter cake = eAlp, where p is the density of the filtrate. If J is the mass fraction of solids in the original suspension then ... 

Pd = the dry mass density (mass of dry solids divided by the total volume of the soil/sediment specimen used in a leaching-column test) of the test specimen, and... 

Table 13.1). In the solid P(CH4) > P(CD4) but the curves cross below the melting point and the vapor pressure IE for the liquids is inverse (Pd > Ph). For water and methane Tc > Tc, but for water Pc > Pc and for methane Pc < Pc- As always, the primes designate the lighter isotopomer. At LV coexistence pliq(D20) < Pliq(H20) at all temperatures (remember the p s are molar, not mass, densities). For methane pliq(CD4) < pLiq(CH4) only at high temperature. At lower temperatures Pliq(CH4) < pliq(CD4). The critical density of H20 is greater than D20, but for methane pc(CH4) < pc(CD4). Isotope effects are large in the hydrogen and helium systems and pLIQ/ < pLiQ and P > P across the liquid range. Pc < Pc and pc < pc for both pairs. Vapor pressure and molar volume IE s are discussed in the context of the statistical theory of isotope effects in condensed phases in Chapters 5 and 12, respectively. The CS treatment in this chapter offers an alternative description.

Strong evidence of the dominant Influence of molecular conformation on the properties of coals Is Implicit In the several data sets which show an extremum In the measured property when plotted against carbon rank. Examples are the extrema which occur In the solid state properties of mass density (22,23) and proton spin-lattice relaxation rate (24) as well as In solvent swelling and extractablllty ( ). 

In addition, the reduction of NOj is a very fast reaction and is controlled by external and internal diffusion [27, 30]. In contrast, the oxidation of SO2 is very slow and is controlled by the chemical kinetics [31]. Accordingly, the SCR activity is increased by increasing the catalyst external surface area (i.e. the cell density) to favor gas-solid mass transfer while the activity in the oxidation of SO2 is reduced by decreasing the volume of the catalyst (i.e. the wall thickness) this does not affect negatively the activity in NO removal because significant ammonia concentrations are confined near the external geometric surface of the catalyst. 

Introduction. In the absence of all contact with an external solid, a prime mover placed in a fluid of finite or even zero density can propel itself by ejecting a fluid or solid mass toward the rear. By convention we say that this mover is propelled by jet propulsion, although the propulsive thrust really results from the effects of pressure and friction exerted on the wall of the hollow interior of the mover by the solids or fluids moving in the interior toward the exhaust nozzle ... 

Much attention should be given to correlations for liquid-solid suspensions or fluidizing systems derived experimentally. If the experimental data have been correlated to particle density, this kind of density and not the hydraulic density should be used. For instance, this is the case of the Liu-Kwauk-Li criterion for determining the fluidization pattern (Section 3.8.2). However, for correlations that have been derived using nonporous particles, the hydraulic density should be used. This is because the correlation accounts for the whole mass included in the volume of the particle, which is the sum of the solid mass and liquid mass in the pores for porous particles. 

Hydrogenations were also carried out in 100% ethyl pyruvate and the results are shown in Figure 8. It should be noted that the turnover frequencies are lower than those observed in toluene (compare Fig. 7. with Fig. 8.). But more importantly, both TOF and ee s increase with particle size Gas-liquid resistance can be excluded since KLa for H2 transfer into ethyl pyruvate has been measured and is also about 0.06 s 1 at 600 RPM. Further, intraparticle control is unlikely because the TOF s should decrease with panicle size. Hence, we think that these observations can be explained by liquid-solid mass transpon effects as follows. The apparent density of the catalyst... 

It should be noted that the introduction of fluid/solid interaction has no effect on the macroscopic equations since F2jt exists only at the fluid/solid interface. The relaxation time, tk, is estimated based on the viscosity and mass density representations given by Eqs. (20) and (21) of the Mi component and is detailed in Ref. [37, 43, 44], This model has been shown to satisfy Galilean invariance.44 Furthermore, in this interparticle potential model, the separation of a two-phase fluid into its components is automatic.37... 

The predictions of the numerical simulations with Baeyens et al. s [5] correlation for heat transfer were also compared with the experimental results of Rocha [13] (presented by Silva and Correa [18]) that were obtained in a 4-m high pneumatic dryer with diameter of 5.25 cm. In this study, 3 80-pm sand particles having density of 2622 kg/m3 and solid mass flow rate of 4.74 x 10-3kg/s were dried... 

The essential requirements for hydrogen storage in solids are that it be (a) high H-mass density (b) high H-volume density (c) appropriate pressure, temperature stability (d) reversible absorption/desorption. The results of research in the field of hydrogen solubility in the metal-hydrogen systems and carbon nanostructures are presented in this paper. 

Let pf and ps denote the apparent mass densities of the fluid and the solid then the mean velocity v of the mixture is defined by... 

The last term in (5) is associated to the introduction of the dissolved solid into the fluid pi and pt are respectively the partial pressure and the mass density of these reacting ions in solution. The total external work thus reads ... 

At time t+dt, the free energy of the same system is the sum of the contribution of the remaining solid matrix (domain V +dt) and of the dissolved material, cp, denoting the mass density of the free energy of the ions in solution, the free energy of the whole system at t + dt reads ... 

---