Primary parameters

To ensure proper sensing of the incoming current and its phase displacement by the relay it i.s es.senlial that the CTs ratio and their VA burden chosen for the required duty are close to the actual requirement as noted in Table I. S.8.. Sometimes this fact is overlooked and CTs with a much higher VA burden or ratio or both are chosen while the secondary circuit may not be adequately loaded. In this case the CTs may not accurately transform the primary parameters to the secondary and. in turn, the relay may not send accurate signals. Moreover, the relay itself may operate only at minimum 19c or more of its rated current (I or 5 A), depending upon its design and type (lEC 60051-1). 

The calculation begins with the evaluation of several primary parameters ... 

The primary parameter used in TLC is the (Rf) factor which is a simple ratio of the distance traveled by the solute to the distance traveled by the solvent front. The (Rf)... 

The primary parameters that influence surface energy and resultant bond strengths are ... 

Gas Filtration Vendors are the primary source for sizing baghouses, however the process engineer should at the very least make an estimate of the pressure drop requirements for an intended system. The pressure drop will, of course, provide information needed on the approximate size of the fan needed, and the energy requirements needed to operate a system. In fact, pressure drop is the primary parameter in establishing particle removal efficiency for a fabric filtration unit, and hence, is usually the starting place for discussions with the equipment supplier. 

As we discussed in the previous section, the primary parameter that determines the interaction strength between an adsorbate and a (transition) metal surface is the coordinative unsaturation of the surface metal atoms. The lower the coordination number of a surface atom, the larger the interaction with interacting adsorbates. 

Thermodynamic parameters deduced as described above are shown in Table XLI for polyisobutylene and for polystyrene. It will be recalled that these primary parameters are obtained only with consider-... 

The primary parameters that can be extracted from conventional Mossbauer spectra are the Lamb-Mossbauer factor,/, as well as the various hyperfine parameters that provide information about the state of the electronic enviromnent of the Mossbauer... 

The data of Fig. 20 also point out an interesting phenomenon—while the heat transfer coefficients at bed wall and bed centerline both correlate with suspension density, their correlations are quantitatively different. This strongly suggests that the cross-sectional solid concentration is an important, but not primary parameter. Dou et al. speculated that the difference may be attributed to variations in the local solid concentration across the diameter of the fast fluidized bed. They show that when the cross-sectional averaged density is modified by an empirical radial distribution to obtain local suspension densities, the heat transfer coefficient indeed than correlates as a single function with local suspension density. This is shown in Fig. 21 where the two sets of data for different radial positions now correlate as a single function with local mixture density. The conclusion is That the convective heat transfer coefficient for surfaces in a fast fluidized bed is determined primarily by the local two-phase mixture density (solid concentration) at the location of that surface, for any given type of particle. The early observed parametric effects of elevation, gas velocity, solid mass flux, and radial position are all secondary to this primary functional dependence. 

However, surface segregation (cs / Cb) has a radical effect on AE, as can clearly be seen in Fig. 6.3(b). Cu/Ni alloys are known (Kelley and Ponec 1981, Ouannasser et al 1997) to have an enriched Cu concentration in the surface layer for all bulk concentrations. As a result, the alloy shows a more Cu-like behaviour than it would if it were non-segregated. In particular, AE has a value significantly closer to that for pure Cu than in the case where cs = Cb, and this occurs at all bulk concentrations c. The smallest change in AE occurs in Cu-rich alloys, which is understandable, because these alloys have mostly Cu in the surface layer anyway, so the effect of surface segregation is relatively small. Thus, surface segregation has a lesser effect in these alloys than in Ni-rich ones, which have mostly Ni in the bulk, but may have a Cu majority in the surface layer. Clearly, then, the concentration cs of the surface layer is the primary parameter in determining the chemisorption properties of the DBA. 

Primary Parameters for Evaluation of Natural Attenuation as a Remedial Strategy... 

The primary parameter in solvent extraction is the measured distribution ratio, where it is up to the writer to define what is being measured, indicating this by an appropriate index. In the Nernst distribution experiment described earlier, the analytically measured concentration of benzoic acid is in the aqueous phase [Bz]aq,tot = [HBz]aq + [Bz ]aq, and in the organic phase [Bz] , tot= [HBzJorg + [HjBzjlo . Thus the measured distribution ratio, abbreviated Z)bz, becomes... 

In all cases the underlying rationale for these hydrodynamic models rests on the observation that beds with identical solids and gas flow rates may develop either large bubbles or small bubbles depending on bed diameter, distributor design, baffle arrangement, etc. thus, bubble size must enter as the primary parameter in the model. A consequence of this argument is that models which do not allow for different bubble sizes at given imposed bed conditions certainly cannot be adequate. 

The partition coefficient Kq of an organic compound in the 1-octanol/water system is used to assess the bioaccumulation potential and the distribution pattern of drugs and pollutants. The partition coefficient of imidazole and ILs strongly depends on the hydrogen bond formed by these molecules and is less than one due to the high solubility in water. The low value of the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient is required for new substances, solvents, insecticides to avoid bioaccumulation. Kqw is an extremely important quantity because it is the basis of correlations to calculate bioaccumulation, toxicity, and sorption to soils and sediments. Computing the activity of a chemical in human, fish, or animal lipid, which is where pollutants that are hydrophobic will appear, is a difficult task. Thus, it is simpler to measure the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient. This parameter is used as the primary parameter characterizing hydrophobisity. 

The primary parameter which indicates the merit of a chemical propellant is the specific impulse, Zs, which is defined as the ratio of the... 

The form of the model that will be used most often in this section is given by (9). Although there are four parameters, the two primary parameters are a and a2, for these are proportional to the partial pressure of the reactants and would be the parameters most easily varied in an experiment. 

Storage conditions should accurately reflect the conditions encountered in the actual production/storage process. The primary parameter to control is temperature. If the container is not properly seeded, other parameters such as relative humidity, air pressure, and air composition may affect the rate of emulsion breakdown. 

In the broadest sense, stability of emulsions should be defined as maintenance of an initial state that was attained after homogenization of the two (or more) liquids (Sjoblom, 1996). The initial state of the emulsion can be defined by a set of internal parameters. The primary parameters used to describe the state of an emulsion are droplet size distribution and concentration, since the bulk properties of emulsions such as color, texture, and taste are primarily a function of these two colloidal parameters (McClements, 1999). In selected cases it may be necessary to include additional parameters such as pH and microbial load to further define the initial state of the emulsion. 

Typically, a source gas such as boron trifluoride [7637-07-2], BF3, is exposed to an ion source that causes the gas to ionize. An analyzer discriminates between all the ionic particles using a magnetic field that can select particles having the correct mass-to-charge ratio to pass through the analyzer to an acceleration tube. The ions are accelerated in the tube and collimated into a beam that is scanned over the substrate wafer. The three primary parameters of any implantation process are the type of dopant species, the accelerating energy used for implantation, and the dose of the source gas. The dose is the total number of ions that enter the wafer. Dose, ( ), can be calculated... 

Extraction Parameters. The challenge in SFE is to determine the best extraction parameters for the analytes of interest in a particular matrix. These parameters are listed in Table I. The solvent power of the extraction fluid as controlled by the density, temperature, and composition is the primary parameter which must be controlled to obtain optimal recoveries. The definition of solvent power used here is that of Snyder and Kirkland (1). As previously mentioned low densities will extract non-polar volatile compounds and high densities will extract relatively more polar, less volatile compounds. 

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