Soil toxicity

Root Exudates Leaf Leachates Volatile Inhibitors Sick Soil Toxicants... 

Sick soil" toxicants Accumulation of toxicants from previous inhabitants evidently results in growth inhibition of roots and interfere with seedling establishment (46). 

Donkin, S.G. and D.B. Dusenbery. 1993. A soil toxicity test using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and an effective method of recovery. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25 145-151. 

In one study of the persistence of disodium methane arsenic acid in soil, the initial and residual phytotoxicity of disodium methane arsenic acid in soil to cotton was measured over a broad range of concentrations in three soils. Toxicity decreased with time, particularly during the first 16 weeks after soil incorporation. Growth of cotton planted immediately after incorporation of disodium methane arsenic acid in Bosket silt loam was reduced significantly by concentrations of 50-80mg kg-1 in soil. In the same soils, other plants were shown to have different degrees of susceptibility to disodium methane arsenic acid concentrations. Rice was extremely sensitive to soil concentrations of 5ppm, while corn, cotton and wheat were little affected. 

In addition, soil toxicity could create problems with establishing plants at some sites, and in cold weather, the uptake of contaminants by trees is greatly reduced. Phytoremediation may be slower than excavation or ex situ treatment. 

Brohon, B., and Gourdon, R. (2000) Influence of soil microbial activity level on the determination of contaminated soil toxicity using Lumistox and MetPlate bioassays, Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32,... 

Yousefi Z, Walters RW. 1987. Use of soil columns to measure sorption of dioxins to soils. Toxic Hazard Wastes 19 181-193. 

Keller, C., and Hammer, D. (2004). Metal availability and soil toxicity after repeated croppings of Thlaspi caerulescens in metal contaminated soils. Environ. Pollut. 131, 243—254. 

Li 2.5 Tolerated by most crops up to 5 mg L-1 mobile in soil. Toxic to citms at low concentrations (<0.075 mg L 1). Acts similarly to boron... 

NH3(g), NRT -III Fertilizer, animal feed lots Atmosphere, soil Waters Nitrification of NH4 (from precipitates) leads to acidification of soils Toxicity of NH3 to fish, increased chlorine demand in chlorination of drinking water... 

Organic acid complexes with metal ions significantly affect the mobility of metal ions in plants and soils. Toxic... 

Contaminated media that are collected for laboratory toxicity tests may include contaminated water, soil, or sediment (the mud at the bottom of lakes, rivers, streams, bays, etc.), or extracts of these media. Organisms used for conducting soil toxicity tests... 

In contrast to the aforementioned toxicity tests, in situ toxicity tests involve exposing organisms to contaminants on-site. This provides for more environmental realism, but there is also less control over confounding variables that may affect toxicity (spatial or temporal variation in temperature, sunlight, nutrients, pH, etc.), or other factors that may disturb or disrupt the test (animals, winds, floods, vandalism, etc.). For these tests, animals may be placed in mesh cages or corralled by impermeable barriers, such as wood, metal, or plastic sheets, at various locations throughout the contaminated zone. Plants may be planted in plots of contaminated soils. Toxicity endpoints may include survival, sublethal effects, or accumulation of contaminants in body tissues. For these tests, organisms are also placed in less contaminated sites for comparison. 

ASTM. 1995. Standard guide for conducting a laboratory soil toxicity test with lumbricid earthworm Eisenia foetida. ASTM 1996 Annual Book of Standards Vol. 11.05, E1676-95. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 1093-1109. 

Bogomolov, D.M., Chen, S.K., Parmelee, R.W., Subler, S. and Edwards, C.A. (1996) An ecosystem approach to soil toxicity testing a study of copper contamination in laboratory soil microcosms. Applied Soil Ecology, 4, 95-105. 

Lpkke, H. and Van Gestel, C.A.M. (1998) Soil toxicity tests in risk assessment of new and existing chemicals. In Handbook of Soil Invertebrate Toxicity Tests, L0kke, H. and Van Gestel, C.A.M. (eds), pp. 3-19. John Wiley Sons, Chichester. 

Mercury accumulation in soils tends to correlate with the organic matter level. The highest natural Hg concentrations have been reported in peaty and waterlogged soils. Toxicity to organisms is usually attributable to soil conditions that favor the production of volatile forms of Hg evidently, Hg cations interact strongly enough with humus and clays to limit availability of this form to plants and animals. 

While it is in general more clearly defined what the exposure concentration is in the aqueous environment, it is more difficult to measure the actual exposure concentration in soil and sediment. In the latter case it is also more difficult to show a clear relationship between effects and exposure. For example, the influence of sorption on bioavailability and thus on toxicity is very important for soil toxicity testing [e.g. 105]. 

Simini M et al., Evaluation of soil toxicity at Joliet army ammunition planl, Environ. 

Frische T, Screening for soil toxicity and mutagenicity using luminescent bacteria—A case study of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 51, 133, 2002. 

Soil toxicity-based concentrations of explosive can be used as criteria for risk [55] or soil screening assessment [56], However, as stated earlier, soil concentrations may be a poor reflection of exposure and environmental risks because the bioavailability of energetics can be affected by soil characteristics and environmental conditions [52], Body residues can be a better indicator of exposure to explosives, especially for the earthworms that are actively moving in soil organisms compared to plants. For example, tissue concentrations of TNT metabolites in earthworms might be used as a biomarker of exposure to TNT [57,58],... 

ASTM, Standard Guide for Conducting Laboratory Soil Toxicity or Bioaccumulation Tests with the Lumbricid Earthworm Eisenia Fetida, E 1676-97, 1998. 

With the important exception of plant toxicity by aluminium in acid soils, toxicity in soils appears to be due to human-caused conditions. The number of toxic ions would be much greater except that humans have not been exposed to other elements enough for health and regulatory concern. 

Hickman, G. T., and J. T. Novak. 1987. Microcosm assessment of biodegradation rates of organic compounds in soils. Toxic Hazard. Wastes 19 153-62. 

Appearance Vapor Pressure and Saturated Air Concentration (at 20-25°C) Persistence In Soil Toxic Doses (for 70-kg man) Comments (see text for additional clinical description)... 

A number of studies have examined the role of various factors such as volatility and solubility on the efficacy of soil insecticides.(14) While the soil itself affects the efficacy of soil insecticides, the major determinate of biological activity is the amount of organic material in the soil.(15) Simmons, Lew, Silverman and Ali studied the effect of pyrethroids and some commercial insecticides on 3 instar southern com rootworm larva (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii).(16) They found that a combination of calculated lipophilicity and calculated volatility could predict soil pLCso based on the topical pLDso. The volatility was expressed as the log of the vapor pressure in nun Hg. We re-plotted the difference of the topical pLDso - soil pLCso with the calculated logP and calculated log volatility in a 3D graph shown in Figure 9. It can be seen as the compounds become more volatile (logVp < 5) that is a marked increase in soil toxicity. As the compounds become less lipophilic (more hydrophilic), they also become more toxic in the soil. 

Major Appiications Fuel cell power generation system, liquid crystal displays, solor cells, sensors, thermochromic materials,coloring wood,n detergents, assessment of tobacco smoke, cosmetics,14 detect bacterial infections,i multidrug resistance inhibitors, treatment of bums, endodontic, diabetes, obesity, 5 cancer,2o age-related macular degeneration, viral diseases Safety/Toxicity Acute toxicity, combustion toxicity, 4 cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, nephrotoxicity, phototoxicity, soil toxicity ... 

Robidoux, P. Y Dubois, C. Hawari, J. Sunahara, G. I. Assessment of soil toxicity from an antitank firing range using Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia andrei in mesocosms and laboratory studies. Ecotoxicology 2004,13, 603-614. 

Safety/Toxicity Cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity,22 chronic toxicity,25 environmental toxicity,2 genotoxicity,25 hazardous substance,2 hematological effects,22 immunotoxicity,2 marine toxicity, 2 mutagenicity,5o neurotoxicity, phytotoxicity, soil toxicity, testicular effects ... 

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