Toxicity, of plants

I. Hirono, Toxicants of Plant Origin, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1989. 

Keeler, R.F. 1989. Quinolizidine alkaloids in range and grain lupins, in Cheeke, P.R., Ed., Toxicants of plant origin, Vol. I Alkaloids, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 133-168. 

Mammalian PLANT RESISTANCE TO INSECTS Table I acute toxicities of plant terpenes ... 

Bemays, E. A., Relationship between deterrence and toxicity of plant secondary compounds for the grasshopper Schistocerca americana, J. Chem. Ecol., 17, 2519, 1991. 

The toxicity of plants that contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids has been discussed in an earlier volume of this series (163), and the relationship between the toxic nature of the plants and the metabolism of their alkaloids by the victim has been reviewed (164). Since the toxicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids in mammals seems to be due to their metabolites rather than to the alkaloids themselves (164), considerable effort has been expended in the identification of the metabolites produced both in vivo and in vitro by mammalian systems. The material summarized in Table V (165-172) is supplementary to that discussed in reference 164. 

CHEEKE, P.R., Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity and metabolism in laboratory animals and livestock, in Toxicants of Plant Origin, Vol. 1, (P.R. Cheeke, ed.), CRS Press, Boca Raton. 1989, pp. 1-22. 

Levin, D., York, B. M. 1978. The toxicity of plant alkaloids An ecogeographic perspective. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 6 61-76. 

The toxicity of plants, venoms, and other poisons used in armaments posed perils to those who wielded them, and the mythology and the history of poison weapons is rife with examples of accidental self-injury and unintended collateral damage. The use of windborne toxins also involved blowback problems, as acknowledged by Kautilya in his Arthashastra. He cautioned that protective salves and other remedies must be applied before deploying poisonous smokes. Toxic weapons are notoriously difficult to control and often resulted in the destruction of noncombatants as well as soldiers, especially in siege situations. 

Table 1. Toxicity of plant extracts to Artemia salina larvae and their LC50 and 95% Confidence intervals (Cl)... 

Data on human poisoning by plants are collected in a manner that is fundamentally different from that collected on animals. Whereas identification of a potential toxicological hazard to humans or animals may begin with reports of intoxication, toxicity of plants suspected of injuring animals may be confirmed in controlled feeding studies. Experiments designed solely to establish toxicity to humans are... 

Tests with three soil invertebrate groups, lumbricid earthworms, enchytraeids and springtails, have been ratified. All three tests were developed originally for testing the toxicity of plant protection products in an artificial soil consisting of 10% peat,... 

In general, the essentiality and toxicity of plants requires further studies to be conducted, and in greater detail. 

B04. Bush, L.P. and M.W. Crowe Nicotiana alkaloids in Toxicants of plant origin, edited by P.R. Cheeke, CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL (1989) pp. 87-107. 17B22. 

CHOI, W.-I., LEE, S.-G., PARK, H.-M., AHN, Y.-J., Toxicity of plant essential oils to Tetranychus urticae (Acari Tetranychidae) and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari Phytoseiidae), J. Econ. EntomoL, 2004, 97, 553-558. 

Kanat, O., A. Ozet, and S. Ataergin. 2006. Aloe pera-induced acute toxic hepatitis in a healthy young man. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 17(8) 589. Lagarto Parra, A., R. Silva Yhebra, 1. Guerra Sardinas, and L. Iglesias Buela. 2001. Gomparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. Phytomedicine 8(5) 395-400. 

Cheeke PP (1989) In Cheeke PR (ed) Toxicants of plant origin, vol I, alkaloids. CRS Press, Boca Raton, p 1... 

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