Environmental toxicant

The compound is relatively nontoxic. Because many golf courses and recreational grassy areas abut lakes and ponds that are used for fishing, the environmental toxicity data are important. The LC q for trout (96 h) is 80 mg/L for bluegiU. (96 h), 36 mg/L and for Daphnia, 64 mg/L. 

In order to circumvent this problem, there has been significant activity directed toward the search for a less environmentally toxic and more selective oxidizing agent than chromium. For example, Hoechst has patented a process which uses organorhenium compounds. At a 75% conversion, a mixture of 86% of 2-methyl-l,4-naphthoquinone and 14% 6-methyl-l,4-naphthoquinone was obtained (60). Ceric sulfate (61) and electrochemistry (62,63) have also been used. 

Toxicology ( toxicogenomics), to identify potential human and environmental toxicants, and to find correlations between toxic responses to toxicants and changes in the genetic profiles of the objects exposed to such toxicants... 

Previously, we have shown that functional secretion of OPH molecules into the periplasmic space induced about 2.8-fold higher specific whole cell OPH activity [10]. From the detail reaction kinetic studies in this work, we showed that this periplasmic space-secretion strategy provided much improved bioconversion capability and efficiency ( 1.8-fold) for Paraoxon as a model organophosphate compound. From these results, we confirmed that Tat-driven periplasmic secretion of OPH can be successfully employed to develop a whole cell biocatalysis system with notable enhanced bioconversion efficiency and capability for environmental toxic organophosphates. 

Klaassen CD. 1985. Nonmetallic environmental toxicants Air pollutants, solvents, and vapors, and pesticides. In Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Rail TW, et al., eds. Goodman and Gilman s The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 7th ed. New York, NY MacMillan Publishing Co., 1628-1637. 

Serenade has low human and environmental toxicity outside the target organisms, is broad spectrum and suitable for organic farming, there is no build up in the soil or groundwater, and it can be applied right up to harvesting. 

Costa M, Christie NT, Cantoni O, ZelikofF JT, Wang XW, Rossman T. 1991. DNA damage by mercury compounds an overview. In Suzuki T, Imura N, Clarkson TW, editors. Advances in mercury toxicology — Rochester Series on Environmental Toxicity. New York (NY) Plenum Press, p. 255-273. 

The benefits of replacing chlorine with STABREX are in reducing environmental toxicity (because it is less toxic to aquatic wildlife), in reducing accident risk (because it is less hazardous and easier to handle), and in reducing chemical waste (because it works better, is more stable in transport/storage, is less volatile and less reactive). Environmental toxicity and accident risk have been substantially reduced in more than 2,500 industrial water systems worldwide. 

Van Voris P, Cataldo DA, Ligotke MW, et al. 1987. Acute environmental toxicity and persistence of selected chemical agent simulants diisopropyl flourophosphate (DFP) and diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP). NTIS No. AD-A181-309. 

This property of organophosphate esters may be of environmental importance since phosphoric acid diesters are much more soluble and very little is known concerning the environmental toxicity of these compounds. The available data do not provide sufficient descriptions of the experimental methods to determine if the rates are reliable (Barnard et al. 1961 Ciba-Geigy 1984e, 1986 Howard and Deo 1979 Mayer et al. 1981 Wolfe 1980). The majority of reports provide only a minimum of information and exclude important facts such as the duration of the experiments and the concentration of buffers. Despite the lack of experimental detail, published rate constants for base-catalyzed hydrolysis appear to be reasonably consistent and suggest that the hydrolytic half-life of triphenyl phosphate will vary from... 

Nelson LM Stanford University, Stanford, CA Investigate the role of environmental toxicants and genetic susceptibility factors in the etiology of ALS National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences... 

Woolley DE University of California, Davis, CA To determine immediate and long-term effects of exposure to environmental toxicants, especially insecticides and heavy metals (rat) U. S. Department of Agriculture... 

In order to establish a link among the exposure of freshwater and marine ecosystems to environmental toxicants and observable effects on these ecosystems, there are basically two approaches (1) the deterministic approach that focuses on an understanding of functions, processes and mechanisms and (2) the stochastic approach that focuses on an identification of relationships by statistical means. 

Partial what-if analyses for the two example processes described in Section 4.0 are shown in Tables 4.9 and 4.10. Although for actual, more complex analyses, the what-if tables for each line or vessel would be separate, for these examples, a single table was developed. A preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) would identify that the intrinsic hazards associated with HF are its reactivity (including reactivity with water, by solution), corrosivity (including carbon steel, if wet), toxicity via inhalation and skin contact, and environmental toxicity. The N2 supply system pressure is not considered in this example. The specific effects of loss of containment could be explicitly stated in the "loss of HF containment" scenarios identified. Similarly, the effects of loss of chlorine containment, including the reactivity and toxicity of chlorine, could be specified for the second example. 

Host resistance to disease has been used as an effective measure of the impact of environmental toxicants on immune function. To date, for virtually every agent examined,... 

Blossom, S.J., Pumford, N.R., and Gilbert, K.M., Activation and attenuation of apoptosis of CD4+ T cells following in vivo exposure to two common environmental toxicants, trichloroacetaldehyde hydrate and trichloroacetic acid, J. Autoimmun., 23, 211, 2004. 

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