Soil Components Interacting

Bacteria and their composites with soil minerals or organic matter are capable of taking up a wide range and variety of toxic metals in soil environments. Research done over the last decade or so has greatly improved our understanding of the mechanisms on biosorption of metals and bacte-ria-metal-soil component interactions. However, more studies from molecular level are needed in order to enhance the ability of bacteria and their association with soil components to remediate toxic metals-contaminated soils. The focus of future investigations should be on the mechanisms by which metals are sorbed and bound by bacterial cell surfaces and bacteria-soil/mineral composites. In this connection, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a promising technique because it can provide information about... 

Spencer, W. F., M. M. Cliath, and S. R. Yates. Soil-pesticide interactions and their impact on the volatilization process, in Environmental Impact of Soil Component Interactions—Natural and Anthropogenic Organics, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995, pp. 371-381. 

Senesi, N., and Miano,T. M. (1995).The role of abiotic interactions with humic substances on the environmental impact of organic pollutants. In Environmental Impact of Soil Component Interactions Land Quality, Natural and Anthropogenic Organics, Vol. 1, Huang, P. M., Berthelin, J., Bollag, J. M., and McGill, W. B., eds., CRC-Lewis, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 311-335. 

Apart from sorption to the soil component, interaction between the compound and the sediment is equally important if we are to understand the behavior and fate of ionic fiquids in aquatic systems. It is likely that both the soil and the aquatic environment will be recipients of ionic liquid contamination. We ran one preliminary experiment with marine sediment collected in Puck Bay (southern Baltic Sea) [16]. The sediments from this part... 

The Seismic Safety Margins Research Program developed a computer code called SMACS (Seismic Methodology Analysis Chain with Statistics) for calculating the seismic responses of structures, systems, and components. This code links the seismic input as ensembles of acceleration time histories with the calculations of the soil-structure interactions, the responses of major structures, and the responses of subsystems. Since uses a multi-support approach to perform the time-history response calculations for piping subsystems, the correlations between component responses can be handled explicitly. SMACS is an example of the codes that are available for calculating seismic response for PSA purposes. 

Models of chemical reactions of trace pollutants in groundwater must be based on experimental analysis of the kinetics of possible pollutant interactions with earth materials, much the same as smog chamber studies considered atmospheric photochemistry. Fundamental research could determine the surface chemistry of soil components and processes such as adsorption and desorption, pore diffusion, and biodegradation of contaminants. Hydrodynamic pollutant transport models should be upgraded to take into account chemical reactions at surfaces. 

Jurkiewicz A, Maciel GE. 1995. Solid state C NMR studies of the interaction of acetone, carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene with soil components. Sci Total Environ 164 195-202. 

Daun G, H Lenke, M Reuss, H-J Knackmuss (1998) Biological trearment of TNT-contaminated soil. 1. Anaerobic cometabolic reduction and interaction of TNT and metabolites with soil components. Environ Sci Technol 32 1956-1963. 

The Rhizosphere as a Site of Biochemical Interactions Among Soil Components, Plants, and Microorganisms... 

Molecular analysis of the interaction between plants, microbes, and soil components may help us understand the causal relationships of events taking plaee in the rhizosphere. Nevertheless, due to the necessity to simplify the experimental approaches, we still do not have the complete picture that takes into ae-count the relative weight of each factor. 

The first chapter defines the spatial and functional features of the rhizosphere, which make this environment the primary site of interaction between soil, plant, and microorganisms. Among the multitude of organic compounds present in the rhizosphere tho.se released by plant roots are the most important from a qualitative and quantitative point of view furthermore, the relationships with soil components of any released compound need to be considered (Chapter 2). The release of these compounds strongly depends on the physiological status of the plants and is related to the ability of plant roots to modify the rhizosphere in order to cope with unfavorable stress-reducing conditions. These aspects are dis-... 

Bioavailability of Metals, Nonmetals and Xenobiotics Immobilized on Soil Components, (4) Distribution and Activity of Biomolecules in Terrestrial Systems, (5) Interactions between Soil Microbial Biomass and Organic Matter/Nutrient Transformations, and (6) Impact of Interactions among Soil Mineral Colloids, Organic Matter and Biota on Risk Assessment and Restoration of Terrestrial Ecosystems. There were 2 plenary lectures, 9 invited speakers, 36 oral presentations and 45 posters. Dr. N. Senesi from University of Bari, Italy, presented an IUPAC lecture entitled Metal-Humic... 

Toxicology and environmental health studies often lack a firm foundation of baseline data, and the NASGLP is a perfect starting point for a baseline data survey. During the field component of the survey, the crews collected two composite samples. One represented the top 5 cm of the soil directly below the litter layer (which will include a lot of the airborne components if they are present), and a second came from the 0-30-cm interval, independent of which soil horizon this may represent. Within this interval (the active layer), most of the interactions between biota and the non-living soil components take place, and thus is the important interval for this type if study. Environment Canada s Biological Methods Division selected one of the northern New Brunswick sites to collect a bulk sample in an attempt to create reference sites across Canada for standardized toxicity test methods. 

In this chapter, soil components will first be considered as individual, independent, noninteracting entities. Then, the interaction between the various components in soil will be discussed. However, it is essential to know and remember that components in soil do not act independently of each other. In addition, surfaces always have a coating of some type that is not continuous, varies in thickness, and sometimes exposes the underlying surface. Sometimes, this first coating will have another, different coating on top of it. 

Before an understanding of the interactions between soil components and surfaces is possible, it is essential to understand the composition of uncoated soil components. Once this is known, it is then possible to discern the interactions and bonding patterns of these components with and without coatings. 

As noted in Chapter 2, sand, silt, clay, and organic matter do not act independently of each other in soil. Thus, one or several types of chemical bonds or interactions—ionic, polar covalent, covalent, hydrogen, polar-polar interactions, and van der Waals interactions—will be important in holding soil components together. The whole area of chemical bonding is extremely complex, and thus, in addition to specific bonding considerations, there are also more... 

Soils with AEC can be expected to exchange anions in the same way. However, in many soils, anions are present as oxyanions, which often react with soil components to form permanent covalent bonds and thus do not act as exchangeable anions. Phosphate anions are excellent examples of this type of interaction [11],... 

Land Subsurface Burst. Everything which was said above about land surface burst applies exactly to the aerial cloud particle population produced by a land subsurface burst in which an aboveground fireball appears. However, a third component of the particle population is found. This component appears to result from soil material which interacted with the fireball at high temperature but which was separated from the fireball early, before the temperature had fallen below the melting point of the soil materials. The particles in this component have diameters ranging from tens of microns to several centimeters and have densities which are apt to be quite low compared with those of the original soil components. The relative abundance of radionuclides in this component is quite constant from sample to sample and is independent of particle size. If we indicate by subscript 1 this third component and by 2,3 the aerial cloud components, radionuclide partitioning can be described by a series of equations of the forms... 

The humin components isolated in DMS0/H2S04 media contain macromolecular components, such as peptides, peptidoglycans, and possibly mucopolysaccharides (Simpson et al., 2007), and these would appear to be strongly sorbed to the soil inorganic colloids. Such species can therefore be considered to have importance in soil particle interactions. 

Pinton, R., Varanini, Z., and Nannipieri, P. (2001). The rhizosphere as a site of biochemical interactions among soil components, plants and microorganisms. In The Rhizosphere Biochemistry and Organic Substances at the Soil-Plant Interface, Pinton, R., Varanini, Z., and Nannipieri, eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 1-17. 

Delort, A.-M., Combourieu, B., and Haroune, N. (2004). Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of interactions between organic pollutants and soils components, a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 1, 209-213. 

Simoes, M. L. (2005). Study of hydrophobic interactions in humic substances and soil components using spectroscopic methodologies. Ph.D. thesis, University of Sao Paulo-USP, Brazil. Singer, L. S. (1959). Synthetic ruby as a secondary standard for the measurement of intensities in electron paramagnetic resonance. J. Appl. Phys. 30,1463-1464. 

A new, potent, persistent plant growth regulator and herbicide that should eventually have considerable agronomic value throughout the world is 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (4,5,6). Its biological activity is associated largely with its uptake from soils by plants. Therefore, it is important to determine and understand its interactions with soils and soil components and the effects of such interactions on the availability and leaching of the material in soils. Preliminary studies of this nature are described in this report. 

Formation of metal complexes to increase interactions with soil components... 

---