Sodium chloride ointment

The sodium chloride ointment is a sterile ophthalmic ointment used to draw water out of the cornea of the eye. Each gram contains active ingredient sodium chloride 5% and inactives lanolin, mineral oil, white petrolatum, and purified 

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Sodivim chloride is useful for reducing corneal edema of various etiologies, including bnllons keratopathy. Generally, one to two drops are instilled in the eye every 3 to 4 hours. Sodium chloride ointment reqnires less frequent instillation and is generally reserved for nighttime nse. 

Figure 15-1 Percent reduction in corneal thickness after application of 5% sodium chloride ointment (triangles = central unfilled circles = nasal filled circles = temporal). (Modified from the American Journal of Ophthalmology 1971 71 847-853. Copyright The Ophthalmic Publishing Company.)...

Treatment is directed toward preventing RCEs and most commonly consists of the use of 5% sodium chloride ointment instilled into the conjunctival sac at bedtime. This agent is especially indicated for patients who notice blurring of their vision upon awakening due to associated edema. If epithelial edema consistently contributes to a... 

Treatment options are primarily palliative, with the goal of improving patient comfort and function. The use of topical ophthalmic hypertonic agents may reduce epithelial edema related to Fuchs dystrophy however, these agents do not reduce stromal edema. The use of topical 5% sodium chloride drops six to eight times daily, along with 5% sodium chloride ointment instilled into the conjunctival sac at bedtime, may be instituted to determine... 

If there is a treatable cause, its management is necessary for resolution of the edema. If, however, the corneal edema appears to be due to changes in endothelial function, hyperosmotic therapy with 5% sodium chloride solution four to eight times a day and 5% sodium chloride ointment in the conjunctival sac at bedtime is the most appropriate treatment.Treatment with hypertonic agents... 

Once the epithelial defect is healed, artificial tears should be used four to eight times daily, and hypertonic agents, such as 5% sodium chloride ointment, should be administered at bedtime for 3 to 6 months. Patients should continue using hypertonic agents for several months after... 

Ophthalmic Dosage Forms. Ophthalmic preparations can be solutions, eg, eye drops, eyewashes, ointments, or aqueous suspensions (30). They must be sterile and any suspended dmg particles must be of a very fine particle size. Solutions must be particle free and isotonic with tears. Thus, the osmotic pressure must equal that of normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) solution. Hypotonic solutions are adjusted to be isotonic by addition of calculated amounts of tonicity adjusters, eg, sodium chloride, boric acid, or sodium nitrate. 

Sodium chloride is a component of all body fluids, including tears. A solution of 0.9% is approximately isotonic with tears. Of the various concentrations tested, 2% to 5% formulations have proven effective, with an irritation level acceptable to most patients. Studies comparing various hyperosmotic agents in human subjects have confirmed the usefulness of hypertonic sodium chloride in the treatment of corneal edema. Use of 5% sodium chloride in ointment form can be effective in reducing corneal thickness and in improving vision.The maximum reduction in corneal thickness occurs 3 to 4 hours after instillation of the ointment (Figure 15-1). 

The clinical effectiveness of 40% glucose is comparable with that of 5% sodium chloride. Because it is difficult to maintain sterility of the solution unless a preservative is added, a commercial preparation containing 40% glucose may often contain preservatives and is available in ointment formulation (see Table 15-1). 

Two other cases of oxaliplatin extravasation have been reported (233). Both occurred when the intraport needle disconnected. The initial symptoms were swelling and tenderness at the port site. The patients developed severe inflammation after 3 days. Treatment included local cool packs, diclofenac ointment, and oral indometacin, morphine, or dexamethasone. The authors avoided saline instillation because sodium chloride and oxaliplatin may be incompatible in combination (119). Both patients recovered without any sign of local necrosis and longterm sequelae (233)... 

The second category of semisoUd eye preparations is a lipophilic cream the active substance is dissolved in water or a (preserved) aqueous vehicle and emulsified in the ointment base. An example to mention is a sodium chloride 5 % eye cream (Table 10.14). 

The strong hypertonic aqueous phase of sodium chloride 5 % eye ointment FNA (Table 10.14) prevents bacterial growth. 

The United States Pharmacopoeia 23 [11] and Indonesian Pharmacopoeia IV [9] describe the assay of benzoic acid and salicylic acid in ointments. Two chromatographic columns (20 x 2.5 cm) are used to effect the separation. One transfers a mixture of 1 g siliceous earth and 0.5 mL diluted phosphoric acid (3 in 10) to the first column (A), then packs above this a mixture of 4 g siliceous earth and ferric chloride-urea reagent. A mixture of 4 g siliceous earth and 2mL of sodium bicarbonate solution (1 in 12) is packed into the second column (B). For analysis, column A is mounted directly above column B. The sample solution is inserted onto column A, allowed to pass into the column, and then washed with 2-40 mL of chloroform. Benzoic acid can be eluted from column B by using a 3 in 100 solution of glacial acetic acid in chloroform. The benzoic acid content then can be determined by a spectrophotometric method such as that described earlier (section 4.5). 

Ammonium alum Balsam Peru (Myroxylon pereirae) Sodium percarbonate antiseptic, mild pharmaceuticals Sodium salicylate antiseptic, mild sunscreen lotions Sodium salicylate antiseptic, mucosa Sodium iodate antiseptic, oral care Tea tree (Melaleuca altemifolia) oil antiseptic, oral pharmaceuticals Terpene resin antiseptic, oral rinses Eucalyptol Salicylic acid antiseptic, pharmaceutical ointments Tea tree (Melaleuca altemifolia) oil antiseptic, pharmaceutical topicals Didecyidimonium chloride antiseptic, pharmaceuticals Benzoic acid Bismuth subgallate Cetalkonium chloride Cetylpyridinium chloride Ethyl ether Eugenol Gum benzoin Peracetic acid Thymol 3,4,4 -Trichlorocarbanilide Urea... 

A method of oxidation using nitric acid and bromine (Evers and Elsdon ), since adopted by the U,S.P, for sulphur ointment, has been shown to give high results (Fleck and Ward ) unless nitric acid is removed before precipitation of the sulphate with barium chloride barium nitrate is probably adsorbed and co-precipitated with barium sulphate. Oxidation to sulphate with bromine in sodium hydroxide solution (Allport ) avoids the nitric acid contaminant and yields results comparable with volumetric methods ... 

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