Soaps, 453 manufacturing

SNG Substitute natural gas. soaps Sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids, particularly stearic, palmitic and oleic acids. Animal and vegetable oils and fats, from which soaps are prepared, consist essentially of the glyceryl esters of these acids. In soap manufacture the oil or fat is heated with dilute NaOH (less frequently KOH) solution in large vats. When hydrolysis is complete the soap is salted out , or precipitated from solution by addition of NaCl. The soap is then treated, as required, with perfumes, etc. and made into tablets. 

Fig. 3. Process stream diagram for a continuous saponification soap manufacturing facility. To convert kPa to psi, multiply by 0.145.

Comparison of Base Soap Manufacturing Routes. Direct saponification of fats and oils is well known, characteri2ed, and straightforward requires Httle equipment and is relatively energy-efficient. However, it is not very effective with regard to changes in the fats and oils ratio desired for finished soap bar formulations. Furthermore, direct saponification has the drawbacks of lower glycerol yields, limited flexibiUty toward... 

Crystallization generally involves the evaporation and subsequent cooling of a solution to the point of supersaturation, whereupon the formation of crystals takes place. Modern technology often focus on the control of crystal size, since product demands frequently are rigorous in this regard. The process of crystallization is often conducted in evaporators. As in the evaporation of salt and in the recovery of salt and glycerin in soap manufacturing, salt separators are used to remove crystallized materials as rapidly as it settles. 

Toilette(n)-papier, n. toilet paper, -seife, /. toilet soap, -selfenfabrikation, /. toilet soap manufacture. 

The catalytic oxidation of long-chain paraffins (C18-C30) over manganese salts produces a mixture of fatty acids with different chain lengths. Temperature and pressure ranges of 105-120°C and 15-60 atmospheres are used. About 60 wt% yield of fatty acids in the range of C12-C14 is obtained. These acids are used for making soaps. The main source for fatty acids for soap manufacture, however, is the hydrolysis of fats and oils (a nonpetroleum source). Oxidation of paraffins to fatty acids may be illustrated as ... 

The use of AOS in toiletries and personal care products has now been established. In India, for example, AOS has been used by leading toilet soap manufacturers with clear performance benefits, especially in hard water-sensitive areas. Combo bars, where part of the usual fatty acid soap is replaced by synthetic AOS as shown in Table 29, seem to be especially attractive from a cost/performance point of view. 

Atmospheric flash drying, in bar soap manufacture, 22 750-751 Atmospheric fluorine, detection of,... 

Casting, 70 12. See also Castings aluminum alloys, 2 333-334 in bar soap manufacture, 22 748, 749-750... 

Chili peppers, 23 163, 164 Chili powder, 23 164 adulterated, 23 163 Chilled castings, tellurium in, 24 424 Chilled surface drying, in bar soap manufacture, 22 750-751 Chill proofing enzymes, 10 294 Chilton-Colburn analogy, 1 47 Chimeric embryos, 12 458... 

Elastic recovery, 19 744 in olefin fibers, 11 227—228 Elastic scattering, 24 88-89 Elastic springs, in virtual two-way SMA devices, 22 346-347 Elastic waves, 17 422 Elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubrication regime, 15 211-212 Elastomer-coated dies, in bar soap manufacture, 22 752 Elastomer designations, ASTM, 9 552t Elastomeric fibers, dyeing, 9 204 Elastomeric polycarboranylsiloxanes,... 

Mass market soap manufacture, 22 723 Mass Mean Diameter (MMD), 23.T87 Mass of catalyst, in photocatalysis, 19 77-78 Mass particle diameter, 78 134 Mass polymerization, 70 206 ABS, 7 422... 

Milk sugar, 23 487-488 Milled bar process, in bar soap manufacture, 22 750-751 Milled translucent soaps, 22 747 Millets, in ruminant feeds, 10 864 Mill hardened copper alloys, 7 723t Milling... 

Rhovanil fine mesh vanillin, 25 550, 552 Rhovanil free flow vanillin, 25 550 Ribbon silicon, 23 40-41 Ribbon Thermal Shock Test, 21 513 Ribbon-type mixers, 16 719-720 in bar soap manufacture, 22 751 Riboflavin, 25 796-797 Ribonucleic acid probes, 14 153 Ribonucleic acids (RNAs), 12 449 ... 

In addition to these product attributes, there was one processing attribute that could not be decoupled from the product composition the bar needed to be manufactured on a standard soap production line without the need for significant capital investment. This is because soap manufacture is quite capital intensive [7,8], and Unilever wished to make use of its considerable capital investment. 

Palm kernel oil. The oil from pressing palm kernels contains triglycerides of stearic, myristic, oleic, palmitic, and lauric acids (the more common fatty acids) and is used in soap manufacture and as a dispersant and accelerator in polymerizations. 

Safrole Used in perfumery, for example in the manufacture of piperonal, denaturing fats in soap manufacture. 

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